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Federico 5cec82a8f4 Release v1.8.0
2024-11-07 21:55:20 -08:00

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<ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf7" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Pointers</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf8" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",28.346,225.482,null]'>Pointer Operations</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pff" data-dest-detail='[15,"XYZ",28.346,190.88,null]'>Address-of operator &amp;</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf12" data-dest-detail='[18,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Heap and Stack</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf16" data-dest-detail='[22,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Stack Memory</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf19" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",28.346,183.092,null]'>new, delete</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf20" data-dest-detail='[32,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Non-Allocating Placement Allocation </a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf22" data-dest-detail='[34,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Non-Throwing Allocation </a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf23" data-dest-detail='[35,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Memory Leak</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf25" data-dest-detail='[37,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Initialization</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf26" data-dest-detail='[38,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Variable Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf27" data-dest-detail='[39,"XYZ",28.346,221.694,null]'>Uniform Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf29" data-dest-detail='[41,"XYZ",28.346,221.831,null]'>Array Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf2b" data-dest-detail='[43,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Structure Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf2f" data-dest-detail='[47,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Structure Binding</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf30" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Dynamic Memory Initialization</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf32" data-dest-detail='[50,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>References</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>const and Constant Expressions</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf3b" data-dest-detail='[59,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Constants and Literals</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf3c" data-dest-detail='[60,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>const</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf40" data-dest-detail='[64,"XYZ",28.346,185.591,null]'>constexpr</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf46" data-dest-detail='[70,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>consteval</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf47" data-dest-detail='[71,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>constinit</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf48" data-dest-detail='[72,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>if constexpr</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf4b" data-dest-detail='[75,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>std::is_constant_evaluated()</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf4c" data-dest-detail='[76,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>if consteval</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf4e" data-dest-detail='[78,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>volatile Keyword </a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf52" data-dest-detail='[82,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Explicit Type Conversion</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf53" data-dest-detail='[83,"XYZ",28.346,203.858,null]'>static_cast</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf56" data-dest-detail='[86,"XYZ",28.346,223.433,null]'>const_cast</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf57" data-dest-detail='[87,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>reinterpret_cast</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf58" data-dest-detail='[88,"XYZ",28.346,216.766,null]'>Type Punning</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf5a" data-dest-detail='[90,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>std::bit_cast</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf5b" data-dest-detail='[91,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Uniform Initialization Conversion</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf5d" data-dest-detail='[93,"XYZ",28.346,227.59,null]'>gls::narrow_cast </a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf5e" data-dest-detail='[94,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>sizeof Operator</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf64" data-dest-detail='[100,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>[[no_unique_address]]</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
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<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" 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class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y8 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointers</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y9 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>Op<span class="_ _b"></span>erations</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 ya ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _6"></span>ddress-of<span class="_ _a"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erato<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ff5">&amp;</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 yb ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">Heap<span class="_ _5"> </span>and<span class="_ _c"> </span>Stack</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yc ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _a"> </span>Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yd ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>delete</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 ye ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cating<span class="_ _a"> </span>Placement<span class="_ _a"> </span>Allocation</div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y10 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Thro<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="_ _a"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y11 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y12 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _a"> </span>Leak</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1/92</div><a class="l" href="#pf7" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:197.653000px;width:55.763000px;height:13.781000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf8" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:178.339000px;width:80.642000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pff" data-dest-detail='[15,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:159.136000px;width:92.202000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf12" data-dest-detail='[18,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:127.780000px;width:107.177000px;height:14.745000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf16" data-dest-detail='[22,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:109.429000px;width:62.294000px;height:10.849000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf19" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:90.918000px;width:55.154000px;height:9.415000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf20" data-dest-detail='[32,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:71.023000px;width:167.249000px;height:12.350000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf22" data-dest-detail='[34,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:51.821000px;width:117.822000px;height:12.349000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf23" data-dest-detail='[35,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:32.618000px;width:58.558000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y14 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">Initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y15 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">V<span class="_ _6"></span>ariable<span class="_ _d"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y16 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unifo<span class="_ _6"></span>rm<span class="_ _a"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y17 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _a"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y18 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _d"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y19 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _d"> </span>Binding</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y1a ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _d"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _d"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y1b ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">4<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">References</span></div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2/92</div><a class="l" href="#pf25" data-dest-detail='[37,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:191.215000px;width:82.550000px;height:13.781000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf26" data-dest-detail='[38,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:173.838000px;width:89.761000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf27" data-dest-detail='[39,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:154.635000px;width:89.802000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf29" data-dest-detail='[41,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:133.495000px;width:78.912000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf2b" data-dest-detail='[43,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:116.229000px;width:95.046000px;height:8.912000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf2f" data-dest-detail='[47,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:95.089000px;width:75.827000px;height:10.849000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf30" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:75.886000px;width:129.887000px;height:10.849000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf32" data-dest-detail='[50,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:39.056000px;width:72.679000px;height:13.781000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y1c ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="ff5 fs2 fc0">const<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff1">and<span class="_ _5"> </span>Constant<span class="_ _c"> </span>Exp<span class="_ _6"></span>ressions</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y1d ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Constants<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _a"> </span>Literals</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y1e ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">const</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y1f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y20 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y21 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y22 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _c"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y23 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::is<span class="_ _7"> </span>constant<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluated()</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y24 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _c"> </span>consteval</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3/92</div><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:190.071000px;width:212.730000px;height:14.744000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3b" data-dest-detail='[59,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:173.657000px;width:95.170000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3c" data-dest-detail='[60,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:154.454000px;width:28.144000px;height:7.607000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf40" data-dest-detail='[64,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:133.094000px;width:49.066000px;height:9.764000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf46" data-dest-detail='[70,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:116.048000px;width:49.066000px;height:8.170000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf47" data-dest-detail='[71,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:96.845000px;width:49.066000px;height:8.170000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf48" data-dest-detail='[72,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:75.485000px;width:64.757000px;height:10.327000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf4b" data-dest-detail='[75,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:57.631000px;width:145.514000px;height:9.622000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf4c" data-dest-detail='[76,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:39.237000px;width:64.757000px;height:8.169000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y25 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="ff5 fs2 fc0">volatile<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff1">Keyw<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rd</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y26 ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y27 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">Explicit<span class="_ _c"> </span>T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _c"> </span>Conversion</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y28 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _e"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y29 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _e"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y2a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">reinterpret<span class="_ _e"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y2b ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>Punning</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y2c ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::bit<span class="_ _e"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y2d ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unifo<span class="_ _6"></span>rm<span class="_ _a"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _d"> </span>Conversion</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y2e ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">gls::narrow<span class="_ _e"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y2f ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4/92</div><a class="l" href="#pf4e" data-dest-detail='[78,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:195.066000px;width:139.222000px;height:16.884000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf52" data-dest-detail='[82,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:165.058000px;width:164.474000px;height:14.745000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf53" data-dest-detail='[83,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:148.644000px;width:58.062000px;height:8.170000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf56" data-dest-detail='[86,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:129.441000px;width:52.831000px;height:7.607000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf57" data-dest-detail='[87,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:108.081000px;width:84.214000px;height:10.327000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf58" data-dest-detail='[88,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:89.098000px;width:60.025000px;height:10.849000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf5a" data-dest-detail='[90,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:71.833000px;width:68.523000px;height:8.170000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf5b" data-dest-detail='[91,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:52.630000px;width:138.370000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf5d" data-dest-detail='[93,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:31.269000px;width:94.882000px;height:12.570000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y30 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="ff5 fs2 fc0">sizeof<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff1">Op<span class="_ _0"></span>erato<span class="_ _f"></span>r</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y31 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[no<span class="_ _e"> </span>unique<span class="_ _7"> </span>address]]</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5/92</div><a class="l" href="#pf5e" data-dest-detail='[94,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:123.939000px;width:111.123000px;height:14.745000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf64" data-dest-detail='[100,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:105.368000px;width:108.901000px;height:10.971000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _4"></span>ointers</div><a class="l" href="#pf7" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:137.252000px;width:94.896000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointers<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Op<span class="_ _b"></span>erations<span class="_ _11"> </span>1/3</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y33 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y34 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">T*<span class="_ _e"> </span></span></span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>referring<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y35 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _7"> </span>Dereferencing</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y36 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">dereferencing<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>(<span class="ff9">*ptr</span>)<span class="_ _e"> </span>means<span class="_ _e"> </span>obtaining<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>sto<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y37 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">referred<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y38 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Subscript<span class="_ _7"> </span>Op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator<span class="_ _e"> </span>[]</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y39 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span>subscript<span class="_ _e"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erato<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>(<span class="ff9">ptr[]</span>)<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _e"> </span>accessing<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>element<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>given</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y3a ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _b"></span>osition</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">6/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointers<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Op<span class="_ _b"></span>erations<span class="_ _11"> </span>2/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y3b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _7"> </span>of<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">(e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff9">void*<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>)<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>integer<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>32-bit/64-bit</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y3c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">dep<span class="_ _b"></span>ending<span class="_ _e"> </span>on<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>underlying<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rchitecture</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y3d ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">It<span class="_ _e"> </span>only<span class="_ _e"> </span>supp<span class="_ _b"></span>orts<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erators<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5">+,<span class="_ _13"> </span>-,<span class="_ _13"> </span>++,<span class="_ _13"> </span>--<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _a"> </span>comparisons</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hd y3e ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">==,<span class="_ _13"> </span>!=,<span class="_ _13"> </span>&lt;,<span class="_ _13"> </span>&lt;=,<span class="_ _13"> </span>&gt;,<span class="_ _13"> </span>&gt;=<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _a"> </span>subscript<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>[]<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _a"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>dereferencing<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>*</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y3f ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">A<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">explicitly<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>converted<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>integer<span class="_ _e"> </span>type</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y40 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc0">x;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y41 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">size_t<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>(</span>size_t<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>x;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok<span class="_ _10"> </span>(explicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y42 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>size_t<span class="_ _10"> </span>y<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>x;<span class="_ _16"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(implicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion)</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">7/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>Conversion</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y43 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Any<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>type<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>implicitly<span class="_ _e"> </span>converted<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">void*</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y44 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Non-<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff9">void<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointers<span class="_ _e"> </span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _e"> </span>converted</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y45 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">static<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h10 y46 fff fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">†</div><div class="t m0 x12 hd y45 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">do<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>w<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _e"> </span>for<span class="_ _a"> </span>safet<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>reasons,<span class="_ _e"> </span>except<span class="_ _e"> </span>for</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y47 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">void*</div><div class="t m0 xe he y48 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr1<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">...;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y49 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr2<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr1;<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int*<span class="_ _10"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _c"> </span>void*,<span class="_ _10"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y4a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr3<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">...;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y4b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr4<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _c"> </span>ptr3;<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>void*<span class="_ _c"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>int,<span class="_ _10"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _10"> </span>required</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 he y4c ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>static_cast<span class="_ _10"> </span>allowed</div><div class="t m0 xe he y4d ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr5<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">...;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y4e ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr6<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>ptr5;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int*<span class="_ _10"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>char*,<span class="_ _c"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _10"> </span>required,</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 he y4f ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>static_cast<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _c"> </span>allowed,<span class="_ _10"> </span>dangerous</div><div class="t m0 xf h12 y50 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">†<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">see<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="ffc">static<span class="_ _a"> </span>cast<span class="_ _19"> </span></span>section<span class="_ _d"> </span>for<span class="_ _d"> </span>further<span class="_ _1a"> </span>details</span></div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">8/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfb" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="b"><div class="pc pcb w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointers<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Op<span class="_ _b"></span>erations<span class="_ _11"> </span>3/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y51 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dereferencing:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y52 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr1<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y53 ffc fs8 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">*<span class="fc0">ptr1<span class="_ _1b"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>dereferencing<span class="_ _c"> </span>(assignment)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y54 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>*</span>ptr1;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>dereferencing<span class="_ _10"> </span>(get<span class="_ _10"> </span>value)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y55 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>subscript:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y56 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr2<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y57 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr2[<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;</div><div class="t m0 xe he y58 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">var<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>ptr2[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y59 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Common<span class="_ _e"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y5a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">ptr1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>ptr2;<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>one<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>one<span class="_ _10"> </span>integer!!</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y5b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">ptr1,<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>*<span class="fc0">ptr2;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>two<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointers</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">9/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfc" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="c"><div class="pc pcc w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff12 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="_"> </span>+<span class="_"> </span>1<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff13"></span>=<span class="_ _a"> </span>2<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">:<span class="_ _13"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Arithmetic<span class="_ _1d"> </span>1/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y5c ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Subscript<span class="_ _8"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator<span class="_ _8"> </span>meaning:</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y5d ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr[i]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">is<span class="_ _e"> </span>equal<span class="_ _7"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>*(ptr<span class="_ _13"> </span>+<span class="_ _13"> </span>i)</div><div class="t m0 x1 h12 y5e ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _7"> </span>subscript<span class="_ _d"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator<span class="_ _1a"> </span>accepts<span class="_ _d"> </span>also<span class="_ _d"> </span>negative<span class="_ _d"> </span>values</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y5f ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _f"></span>rithmetic<span class="_ _10"> </span>rule:</div><div class="t m0 xe h11 y60 ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">address<span class="fc0">(ptr<span class="_ _13"> </span>+<span class="_ _13"> </span>i)<span class="_ _13"> </span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span></span>address<span class="fc0">(ptr)<span class="_ _13"> </span>+<span class="_ _13"> </span>(sizeof(T)<span class="_ _13"> </span>*<span class="_ _13"> </span>i)</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h12 y61 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">where<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ffc">T<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>type<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>elements<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointed<span class="_ _d"> </span>by<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ffc">ptr</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y62 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">4</span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y63 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array[<span class="fc5">1</span>];<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y64 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>*</span>(array<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y65 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array;<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>0xFFFAFFF2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y66 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>;<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>0xFFFAFFF6!!</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y67 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>+<span class="_ _10"> </span>2<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y68 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>ptr[<span class="fc5">-1</span>];<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">10/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfd" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="d"><div class="pc pcd w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff12 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="_"> </span>+<span class="_"> </span>1<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff13"></span>=<span class="_ _a"> </span>2<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">:<span class="_ _13"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Arithmetic<span class="_ _1d"> </span>2/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x14 hb y69 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _c"> </span>arr[4]<span class="_ _5"> </span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>&quot;abc&quot;</div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y6a ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">value<span class="_ _21"> </span>address</div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y6b ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’a’<span class="_ _22"> </span>0x0<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff14">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[0]</div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y6c ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’b’<span class="_ _22"> </span>0x1<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff14">←</span>a<span class="_ _f"></span>rr[1]</div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y6d ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’c’<span class="_ _22"> </span>0x2<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff14">←</span>arr[2]</div><div class="t m0 x17 h12 y6e ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’<span class="ff15">\</span>0’<span class="_ _24"> </span>0x3<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff14">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[3]</div><div class="t m0 x18 h6 y6f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _c"> </span>arr[3]<span class="_ _5"> </span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff16">{</span>4,5,6<span class="ff16">}</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h12 y70 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">value<span class="_ _21"> </span>address</div><div class="t m0 x1a h12 y71 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y72 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x0<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff14">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[0]</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y73 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x1</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y74 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x2</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y75 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x3</div><div class="t m0 x1a h12 y76 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y77 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x4<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff14">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[1]</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y78 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x5</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y79 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x6</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y7a ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x7</div><div class="t m0 x1a h12 y7b ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">6</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y7c ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x8<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff14">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[2]</div><div class="t m0 x1b h12 y7d ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x9</div><div class="t m0 x1c h12 y7e ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x10</div><div class="t m0 x1c h12 y7f ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x11</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">11/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfe" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="e"><div class="pc pce w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>Arithmetic<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _10"> </span>Undefined<span class="_ _8"> </span>Behavio<span class="_ _6"></span>r</div><div class="t m0 x1d h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1e h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">3/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 h12 y81 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lib/vsprintf.c<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">of<span class="_ _1a"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>Linux<span class="_ _d"> </span>kernel</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y82 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">vsnprintf<span class="fc0">(</span></span>char<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">buf,<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>size_t<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size,<span class="_ _10"> </span>...)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y83 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">end;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y84 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">/*<span class="_ _10"> </span>Reject<span class="_ _10"> </span>out-of-range<span class="_ _c"> </span>values<span class="_ _10"> </span>early</div><div class="t m0 x14 he y85 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">Large<span class="_ _10"> </span>positive<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizes<span class="_ _c"> </span>are<span class="_ _10"> </span>used<span class="_ _10"> </span>for<span class="_ _10"> </span>unknown<span class="_ _10"> </span>buffer<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizes<span class="_ _c"> </span>*/</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y86 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(WARN_ON_ONCE((</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>size<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>0</span>))</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1f he y87 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">0<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y88 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">end<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>buf<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>size;</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y89 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">/*<span class="_ _10"> </span>Make<span class="_ _10"> </span>sure<span class="_ _c"> </span>end<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>always<span class="_ _10"> </span>&gt;=<span class="_ _10"> </span>buf<span class="_ _10"> </span>*/</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y8a ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(end<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>buf)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span>...<span class="_ _10"> </span>}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>Even<span class="_ _c"> </span>if<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointers<span class="_ _10"> </span>are<span class="_ _10"> </span>represented<span class="_ _10"> </span>with<span class="_ _c"> </span>unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span>values,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y8b ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">...<span class="_ _25"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>overflow<span class="_ _c"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _10"> </span>behavior.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 he y8c ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>Both<span class="_ _10"> </span>GCC<span class="_ _c"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>Clang<span class="_ _10"> </span>will<span class="_ _10"> </span>simplify<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>overflow<span class="_ _c"> </span>check</div><div class="t m0 x9 he y8d ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">buf<span class="_ _10"> </span>+<span class="_ _c"> </span>size<span class="_ _10"> </span>&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>buf<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">size<span class="_ _10"> </span>&lt;<span class="_ _c"> </span>0<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>by<span class="_ _10"> </span>eliminating</div><div class="t m0 xe he y8e ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}<span class="_ _26"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>common<span class="_ _c"> </span>term<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">buf</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">12/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pff" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="f"><div class="pc pcf w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _f"></span>ddress-of<span class="_ _10"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erato<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _8"> </span>&amp;</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y8f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">address-of<span class="_ _7"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>(<span class="fc3">&amp;</span>)<span class="_ _e"> </span>returns<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>address<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>variable</div><div class="t m0 xe he y90 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y91 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>&amp;<span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>address-of<span class="_ _10"> </span>operator,</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x20 he y92 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>b<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>equal<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>address<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y93 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a<span class="fc5">++</span>;</div><div class="t m0 xe he y94 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>*</span>b;<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>4;</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y95 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>o<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>confuse<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">Reference<span class="_ _7"> </span>syntax:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff5">T&amp;<span class="_ _13"> </span>var<span class="_ _13"> </span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span>...</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">13/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf10" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="10"><div class="pc pc10 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAI7ElEQVR42u3ZsU1dQRBA0bfojYhW1IAcuQKEiJEICenjF+GIhNhFUIQDiqADIrQJDMEnQ5Ylkhd8z8I5FYxmk6vZ9uPsYgEAgDIeH/4c2QIAANWIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAPrTMtAUAAOqICJdUAADKEakAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAMBBrRPNOsbwYAAA2/TeJ5rWJRUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAWJZlWVpm2gIAAHVEhEsqAADliFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQCAv6wTzTrG8GAAANv03iea1iUVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAICDWa0AYJuXt7ebuzt7KOV+t7ME+BpaZs4y6xjDgwEAbNN7n2XUiPDdDwBAOSIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAACfaZlpCwAA1BERLqkAAJQjUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAAP/TOtGsYwwPBgCwTe99omldUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAla1WAHwr17e3llDN/W5nCcA/WmbOMusYw4MBAGzTe59l1Ijw3Q8AQDkiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIA8JW1zLQFAADqiAiXVAAAyhGpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAAHBg6/OvU1so6+nytyUAAN/Nz/Or1k6O98+vy7Lf7y0EAIAS3gHmzjr6OSMGHgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Wild<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>Dangling<span class="_ _8"> </span>P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointers</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y96 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Wild<span class="_ _7"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer:</div><div class="t m0 xe h14 y97 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc3">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _8"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y98 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ff19 fc5">*<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr;<span class="_ _27"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>wild<span class="_ _7"> </span>pointer:<span class="_ _8"> </span>Where<span class="_ _8"> </span>will<span class="_ _8"> </span>this<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>points?</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y99 ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">...<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>solution:<span class="_ _7"> </span>always<span class="_ _8"> </span>initialize<span class="_ _8"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h14 y9a ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y9b ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dangling<span class="_ _7"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer:</div><div class="t m0 xe h14 y9c ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc3">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _8"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y9d ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ff19 fc5">*<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _8"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>int<span class="ff19 fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y9e ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff19 fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>ok<span class="_ _7"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>&quot;array&quot;<span class="_ _8"> </span>now<span class="_ _8"> </span>is<span class="_ _8"> </span>a<span class="_ _7"> </span>dangling<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y9f ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff19 fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc9">double<span class="_ _7"> </span>free<span class="_ _8"> </span>or<span class="_ _8"> </span>corruption!!</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 ya0 ffd fs6 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>program<span class="_ _7"> </span>aborted,<span class="_ _8"> </span>the<span class="_ _8"> </span>value<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>&quot;array&quot;<span class="_ _8"> </span>is<span class="_ _7"> </span>not<span class="_ _8"> </span>null</div><div class="t m0 xe h14 ya1 ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd ya2 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">note:</div><div class="t m0 xe h14 ya3 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ff19 fc5">*<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _8"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>int<span class="ff19 fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h14 ya4 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff19 fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>ok<span class="_ _7"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>&quot;array&quot;<span class="_ _8"> </span>now<span class="_ _8"> </span>is<span class="_ _8"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>dangling<span class="_ _7"> </span>pointer</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h14 ya5 ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">array<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">nullptr</span></span>;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _7"> </span>no<span class="_ _8"> </span>more<span class="_ _8"> </span>dagling<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h14 ya6 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff19 fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc9">ok,<span class="_ _7"> </span>no<span class="_ _8"> </span>side<span class="_ _8"> </span>effect</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">14/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf11" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="11"><div class="pc pc11 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Generic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Instead<span class="_ _c"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>decla<span class="_ _6"></span>ring<span class="_ _c"> </span>different<span class="_ _10"> </span>types<span class="_ _c"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _c"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _c"> </span>it<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>possible<span class="_ _c"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>declare<span class="_ _10"> </span>single</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span>which<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>act<span class="_ _e"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span>any<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>types</div><div class="t m0 xf hd ya7 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">void*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _0"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>compared</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd ya8 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Any<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>type<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>implicitly<span class="_ _e"> </span>converted<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">void*</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd ya9 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Other<span class="_"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erations<span class="_"> </span>are<span class="_"> </span>unsafe<span class="_"> </span>because<span class="_"> </span>the<span class="_"> </span>compiler<span class="_"> </span>do<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_"> </span>not<span class="_"> </span>know<span class="_"> </span>what<span class="_"> </span>kind<span class="_"> </span>of<span class="_"> </span>object</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd yaa ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is<span class="_ _e"> </span>really<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointed<span class="_ _e"> </span>to</div><div class="t m0 xe he yab ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(<span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span>(<span class="ff5 fc4">void</span><span class="fc5">*</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(<span class="ff5 fc4">int</span><span class="fc5">*</span>));<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>true</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he yac ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">4<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he yad ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _1c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he yae ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>*</span>array;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf yaf ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>*ptr;<span class="_ _29"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf yb0 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span>+<span class="_ _c"> </span>2;<span class="_ _2a"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">15/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf12" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="12"><div class="pc pc12 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Heap<span class="_ _1"> </span>and<span class="_ _1"> </span>Stack</div><a class="l" href="#pf12" data-dest-detail='[18,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:132.432000px;width:183.729000px;height:24.026000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf13" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="13"><div class="pc pc13 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Pro<span class="_ _b"></span>cess<span class="_ _8"> </span>Address<span class="_ _8"> </span>Space</div><div class="t m0 x22 h12 yb1 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">higher<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 yb2 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">addresses</div><div class="t m0 x15 he yb3 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x00FFFFFF</div><div class="t m0 x3 hd yb4 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack</div><div class="t m0 x23 h15 yb5 ff13 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">↓</div><div class="t m0 x18 hd yb6 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">stack<span class="_ _7"> </span>memory<span class="_ _2b"> </span><span class="ff5">int<span class="_ _13"> </span>data[10]</span></div><div class="t m0 x24 h15 yb7 ff13 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">↑</div><div class="t m0 x9 hd yb8 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Heap</div><div class="t m0 x25 hd yb9 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">dynamic<span class="_ _7"> </span>memory</div><div class="t m0 x26 h16 yb7 ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="_ _13"> </span>int[10]</div><div class="t m0 x27 h16 yb8 ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">malloc(40)</div><div class="t m0 xc hd yba ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">BSS<span class="_ _7"> </span>and<span class="_ _7"> </span>Data</div><div class="t m0 x28 hd ybb ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Segment</div><div class="t m0 x29 h6 ybc ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">.bss/.data</div><div class="t m0 x2a hd ybd ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Static/Global</div><div class="t m0 x2b hd ybe ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">data</div><div class="t m0 x2c h16 ybd ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _13"> </span>data[10]</div><div class="t m0 x2d h12 ybe ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(global<span class="_ _d"> </span>scope)</div><div class="t m0 x2e h12 ybf ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lo<span class="_ _6"></span>wer<span class="_ _1a"> </span>memory</div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 yc0 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">addresses</div><div class="t m0 x15 he yc1 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x00FF0000</div><div class="t m0 x9 hd yc2 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Co<span class="_ _b"></span>de</div><div class="t m0 x2f h6 yc3 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">.text</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">16/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf14" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="14"><div class="pc pc14 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Data<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>BSS<span class="_ _8"> </span>Segment</div><div class="t m0 x30 he yc4 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">data[]<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>DATA<span class="_ _10"> </span>segment<span class="_ _10"> </span>memory</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x30 he yc5 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">big_data[<span class="fc5">1000000</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>BSS<span class="_ _10"> </span>segment<span class="_ _10"> </span>memory</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x30 he yc6 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>(zero-initialized)</div><div class="t m0 x30 he yc7 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x31 he yc8 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>stack<span class="_ _10"> </span>memory</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x30 he yc9 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd yca ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Data/BSS<span class="_ _e"> </span>(Blo<span class="_ _b"></span>ck<span class="_ _e"> </span>Sta<span class="_ _6"></span>rted<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>Symb<span class="_ _b"></span>ol)<span class="_ _e"> </span>segments<span class="_ _e"> </span>are<span class="_ _a"> </span>larger<span class="_ _a"> </span>than<span class="_ _e"> </span>stack<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>(max</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd ycb ff13 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">≈<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">1GB<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>general)<span class="_ _e"> </span>but<span class="_ _e"> </span>slow<span class="_ _f"></span>er</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">17/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf15" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="15"><div class="pc pc15 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIvElEQVR42u3cMU6FQBiF0YfMxNI1GCsLamOsSDBxZ27CvVBg4Q5o3IHVK51AsDNWlMyf5zkbGHJpvkwIzd3D0wkAAML4/Hi/sgIAANGIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAfjWlFCsAABBHztlNKgAA4YhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAALk46/shlWbt+MD0AQFjzNNZ9gAo3qSm1XjwAADv8zB8AgFj8zB8AgIhEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQDgP0vHH7ksa9cPpgcACGuexroPUOEmNaXWiwcAYEdTSrECAABx5Jx9kwoAQDgiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkWoCAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgDABUjHH7ksa9cPpgcACGuexroPUOEmNaXWiwcAYEdTSrECAABx5Jx9kwoAQDgiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAALWl8+utFfjr6/nNCABARfePL01zc72dv0+nbdsMAgBACD/LmC8fDULGUAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>Heap<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _8"> </span>Overview</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd ycc ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _2d"> </span>Heap</div><div class="t m0 x30 hd ycd ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x30 hd yce ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Organization</div><div class="t m0 x11 hd ycf ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Contiguous<span class="_ _e"> </span>(LIF<span class="_ _6"></span>O)</div><div class="t m0 x33 hd yd0 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Contiguous<span class="_ _e"> </span>within<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation,</div><div class="t m0 x33 hd ycf ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">F<span class="_ _6"></span>ragmented<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>et<span class="_ _6"></span>ween<span class="_ _a"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cations</div><div class="t m0 x33 hd yd1 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(relies<span class="_ _e"> </span>on<span class="_ _e"> </span>virtual<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry)</div><div class="t m0 x30 hd yd2 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Max<span class="_ _7"> </span>size</div><div class="t m0 x11 hd yd3 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Small<span class="_ _a"> </span>(8MB<span class="_ _e"> </span>on<span class="_ _e"> </span>Linux,<span class="_ _a"> </span>1MB<span class="_ _e"> </span>on</div><div class="t m0 x11 hd yd4 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Windo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws)</div><div class="t m0 x33 hd yd2 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Whole<span class="_ _e"> </span>system<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x30 hd yd5 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">If<span class="_ _7"> </span>exceed</div><div class="t m0 x11 hd yd6 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Program<span class="_ _e"> </span>crash<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>function</div><div class="t m0 x11 hd yd7 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">entry<span class="_ _e"> </span>(ha<span class="_ _6"></span>rd<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>debug)</div><div class="t m0 x33 hd yd5 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Exception<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">nullptr</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd yd8 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _2e"> </span><span class="ff4">Compile-time<span class="_ _2f"> </span>R<span class="_ _6"></span>un-time</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd yd9 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Lo<span class="_ _b"></span>calit<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="ff4">High<span class="_ _31"> </span>Lo<span class="_ _6"></span>w</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd yda ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Thread<span class="_ _7"> </span>View<span class="_ _32"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _e"> </span>thread<span class="_ _e"> </span>has<span class="_ _e"> </span>its<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>wn<span class="_ _e"> </span>stack<span class="_ _33"> </span>Sha<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="_ _e"> </span>among<span class="_ _e"> </span>threads</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">18/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf16" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="16"><div class="pc pc16 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAId0lEQVR42u3YsQkCMRiG4UQuWB3OIFZOIGIt3GYu4TgWDuEGVsdVpomdtQjif/g8E4QvzcufN7tDAgCAMG7Xy8IKAABEI1IBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAHjJtVYrAAAQRynFJRUAgHBEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAIDf6Wb01mmafBgAwGf6vp/Ra11SAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqSYAAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAMDM5FqrFQAAiKOU4pIKAEA4IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgDwj7rxtLYC77sfz0YAAL5qux9yXi3b+EiptWYQAABCeAJwzhoC1HwPuAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cal<span class="_ _e"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>either<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>stack<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>CPU<span class="_ _e"> </span>registers</div><div class="t m0 xe he ydb ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>stack<span class="_ _c"> </span>(data<span class="_ _10"> </span>segment)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he ydc ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ydd ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">k;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>depends<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>where<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>instance<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _c"> </span>A<span class="_ _10"> </span>is</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he yde ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he ydf ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ye0 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _34"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>stack</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ye1 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">z[]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fca">&quot;abc&quot;</span></span>;<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>stack</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ye2 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _1b"> </span>a;<span class="_ _35"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>stack<span class="_ _c"> </span>(also<span class="_ _10"> </span>k)</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ye3 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">malloc(</span>4<span class="fc0">);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>variable<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;ptr&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _c"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>stack</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he ye4 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 ye5 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rganization<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>stack<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>enables<span class="_ _e"> </span>much<span class="_ _e"> </span>higher<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>erformance.<span class="_ _10"> </span>On<span class="_ _e"> </span>the</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 ye6 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">other<span class="_ _e"> </span>hand,<span class="_ _e"> </span>this<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>space<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>limited!!</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">19/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf17" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="17"><div class="pc pc17 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Data</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd ye7 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _7"> </span>of<span class="_ _7"> </span>data<span class="_ _8"> </span>sto<span class="_ _f"></span>red<span class="_ _8"> </span>in<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _7"> </span>stack<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x34 hd ye8 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cal<span class="_ _e"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">V<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cal<span class="_ _e"> </span>scop<span class="_ _b"></span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd ye9 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">F<span class="_ _6"></span>unction<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rguments<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">Data<span class="_ _a"> </span>passed<span class="_ _7"> </span>from<span class="_ _e"> </span>caller<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>function</span></div><div class="t m0 x35 hd yea ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Return<span class="_ _e"> </span>addresses<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">Data<span class="_ _a"> </span>passed<span class="_ _e"> </span>from<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>function<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>caller</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd yeb ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Compiler<span class="_ _e"> </span>temp<span class="_ _b"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>ra<span class="_ _6"></span>ries<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">Compiler<span class="_ _e"> </span>sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecific<span class="_ _e"> </span>instructions</span></div><div class="t m0 x36 h15 yec ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Interrupt<span class="_ _e"> </span>contexts</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">20/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf18" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="18"><div class="pc pc18 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff1 fs7 fc9 sc0 ls0 ws0">Every<span class="_ _7"> </span>object<span class="_ _7"> </span>which<span class="_ _8"> </span>resides<span class="_ _7"> </span>in<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _8"> </span>stack<span class="_ _7"> </span>is<span class="_ _7"> </span>not<span class="_ _7"> </span>valid<span class="_ _8"> </span>outside<span class="_ _7"> </span>his<span class="_ _7"> </span>scop<span class="_ _b"></span>e!!</div><div class="t m0 xe he ydb ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">f<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yed ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ydc ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he ydd ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he yde ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">f();</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he ydf ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>ptr[<span class="fc5">0</span>];<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc9">Illegal<span class="_ _10"> </span>memory<span class="_ _10"> </span>access!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x37 h17 ydf ff1a fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">A</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he yee ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>bool<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yef ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">str<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fca">&quot;abc&quot;<span class="fc0">;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yf0 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(x)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f he yf1 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">xyz[]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fca">&quot;xyz&quot;</span></span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f he yf2 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">str<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>xyz;</div><div class="t m0 x7 he yf3 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x7 he yf4 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>str;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>if<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;x&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>true,<span class="_ _10"> </span>then<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc9">Illegal<span class="_ _10"> </span>memory<span class="_ _10"> </span>access!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x27 h17 yf4 ff1a fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">A</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he yf5 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">21/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf19" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="19"><div class="pc pc19 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Heap<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff5">new</span>,<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff5">delete<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>Keyw<span class="_ _f"></span>ords</div><div class="t m0 xe hd yf6 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff1">,<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>delete</div><div class="t m0 xe hd yf7 ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff4 fc0">/</span>new[]<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">and<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>delete<span class="ff4 fc0">/</span>delete[]<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _e"> </span>C++<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">k<span class="_ _6"></span>eyw<span class="_ _6"></span>ords<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff4">that<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>erfo<span class="_ _6"></span>rm<span class="_ _e"> </span>dynamic</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd yf8 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation/deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation,<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>construction/destruction<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>runtime</div><div class="t m0 xe hd yf9 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">malloc<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">and<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>free<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">a<span class="_ _f"></span>re<span class="_ _e"> </span>C<span class="_ _e"> </span>functions<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>they<span class="_ _e"> </span>only<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>free<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>blo<span class="_ _b"></span>cks</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd yfa ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(exp<span class="_ _6"></span>ressed<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>ytes)</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">22/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1a"><div class="pc pc1a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff1">,<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>delete<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff1">A<span class="_ _f"></span>dvantages</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd yfb ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Language<span class="_ _7"> </span>keyw<span class="_ _f"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rds<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>functions<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff13">→<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">safer</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd yfc ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Return<span class="_ _7"> </span>type<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>returns<span class="_ _e"> </span>exact<span class="_ _e"> </span>data<span class="_ _e"> </span>type,<span class="_ _e"> </span>while<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">malloc()<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>returns<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">void*</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd yfd ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">F<span class="_ _6"></span>ailure<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>throws<span class="_ _a"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">exception</span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>while<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">malloc()<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>returns<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">NULL<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff13">→<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">it</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd yfe ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>igno<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _e"> </span>zero-size<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cations<span class="_ _e"> </span>do<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>need<span class="_ _e"> </span>sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecial<span class="_ _e"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd yff ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _7"> </span>size<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _c"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>numb<span class="_ _b"></span>er<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>calculated<span class="_ _e"> </span>by<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y100 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">k<span class="_ _6"></span>eyw<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rd,<span class="_ _e"> </span>while<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>user<span class="_ _e"> </span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>take<span class="_ _a"> </span>ca<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>manually<span class="_ _e"> </span>calculate<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>size<span class="_ _e"> </span>for</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y101 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">malloc()</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y102 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Initialization<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>used<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialize<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>esides<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y103 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">P<span class="_ _6"></span>olymo<span class="_ _6"></span>rphism<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _10"> </span>objects<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">virtual<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>functions<span class="_ _e"> </span>must<span class="_ _7"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>to</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y104 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialize<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>virtual<span class="_ _e"> </span>table<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">23/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1b"><div class="pc pc1b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y105 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>single<span class="_ _7"> </span>element</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y106 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>malloc(</span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y107 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;<span class="_ _25"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y108 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ffa">N<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>elements</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y109 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>malloc(N<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>*<span class="_ _10"> </span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y10a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[N];<span class="_ _36"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y10b ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ffa">N<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>structures</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y10c ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">MyStruct<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>(MyStruct<span class="fc5">*</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span>malloc(N<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(MyStruct));<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y10d ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">MyStruct<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>MyStruct[N];<span class="_ _26"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y10e ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>zero-initialize<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ffa">N<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>elements</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y10f ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>calloc(N,<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y110 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[N]();<span class="_ _37"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">24/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1c"><div class="pc pc1c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIjUlEQVR42u3YsU0DQRCG0Vt0I6IVNVhErgAhYiR3RhOUQ+Ai6MCRtZEnOTKyCy3Pnd6r4O7f5NO017ePCQAAyvg9/zxZAQCAakQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAD/WmZaAQCAOiLCJRUAgHJEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAIB1827+ZIzhOQEA1vTeN/S1LqkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAA3F3LTCsAAFBHRLikAgBQjkgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAMCaeTd/MsbwnAAAa3rvG/pal1QAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAA7q5lphUAAKgjIlxSAQAoR6QCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAOBR5uvXwQrs2OXz2wgAsC3H91NrL8/L9TZNy7IYBACAEv4AMUkgAAzDgaMAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x38 hd y111 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>single<span class="_ _7"> </span>element</span></div><div class="t m0 xf he y112 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>malloc(</span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf he y113 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">free(value);</div><div class="t m0 xf he y114 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;<span class="_ _25"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf he y115 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value;</span></div><div class="t m0 x38 hd y116 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ffa">N<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>elements</span></div><div class="t m0 xf he y117 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>malloc(N<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>*<span class="_ _10"> </span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf he y118 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">free(value);</div><div class="t m0 xf he y119 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[N];<span class="_ _36"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf he y11a ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _10"> </span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">25/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1d"><div class="pc pc1d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation/Deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _10"> </span>Prop<span class="_ _b"></span>erties</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff1 fs7 fc9 sc0 ls0 ws0">F<span class="_ _6"></span>undamental<span class="_ _7"> </span>rules<span class="ff4 fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y11b ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">malloc()<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">free()</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y11c ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">delete</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y11d ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new[]<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">delete[]</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y11e ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">malloc()<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _14"> </span></span><span class="fc3">new<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _14"> </span></span><span class="fc3">new[]<span class="_ _12"> </span></span><span class="ff4">never<span class="_ _e"> </span>produce<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>NULL<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">pointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">success<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>case,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y11f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">except<span class="_ _e"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>zero-size<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cations<span class="_ _e"> </span>(implementation-defined)</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y120 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">free()<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _14"> </span></span><span class="fc3">delete<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _14"> </span></span><span class="fc3">delete[]<span class="_ _12"> </span></span><span class="ff4">applied<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>NULL<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">/<span class="_ _d"> </span></span><span class="fc3">nullptr<span class="_ _14"> </span></span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointers<span class="_ _e"> </span>do<span class="_ _e"> </span>not</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y121 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _b"></span>duce<span class="_ _e"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>rs</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y122 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Mixing<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new[]<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">malloc<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>something<span class="_ _e"> </span>different<span class="_ _e"> </span>from<span class="_ _e"> </span>their<span class="_ _e"> </span>counterparts<span class="_ _a"> </span>leads</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y123 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">undefined<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>ehavio<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">26/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1e"><div class="pc pc1e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2D<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _38"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y124 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Easy<span class="_ _e"> </span>on<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>stack<span class="_ _e"> </span>-<span class="_ _e"> </span>dimensions<span class="_ _e"> </span>kno<span class="_ _6"></span>wn<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y125 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>C/C++<span class="_ _10"> </span>uses<span class="_ _10"> </span>row-major<span class="_ _10"> </span>order:<span class="_ _10"> </span>move<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _c"> </span>row<span class="_ _10"> </span>elements,<span class="_ _10"> </span>then<span class="_ _10"> </span>columns</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y126 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _e"> </span>Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>2D<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation/deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span>-<span class="_ _e"> </span>dimensions<span class="_ _e"> </span>known<span class="_ _a"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y127 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">**<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">[</span>3<span class="fc0">];<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _c"> </span>pointers<span class="_ _10"> </span>allocation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y128 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">for<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span>i<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span>i<span class="fc5">++</span>)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y129 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A[i]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">new<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc4">int</span></span></span>[<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>inner<span class="_ _10"> </span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>allocations</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y12a ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">for<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span>i<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span>i<span class="fc5">++</span>)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y12b ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _10"> </span>A[i];<span class="_ _39"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>inner<span class="_ _10"> </span>array<span class="_ _c"> </span>deallocations</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y12c ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _10"> </span>A;<span class="_ _37"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointers<span class="_ _10"> </span>deallocation</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">27/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1f"><div class="pc pc1f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2D<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1e h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y12d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>2D<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation/deallo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fcc">C++11</span>:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y12e ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _10"> </span>3<span class="_ _c"> </span>objects<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>type<span class="_ _10"> </span>int[4]</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y12f ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _3a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>dynamic<span class="_ _10"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y130 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">B<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[n][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y131 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>auto<span class="_ _10"> </span>C<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span>int[n][n];<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y132 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _10"> </span>A;<span class="_ _3a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>same<span class="_ _10"> </span>for<span class="_ _10"> </span>B,<span class="_ _c"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">28/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf20" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="20"><div class="pc pc20 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cating<span class="_ _8"> </span>Placement</div><div class="t m0 x9 h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1e h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">non-allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cating<span class="_ _7"> </span>placement<span class="_ _27"> </span><span class="ff9">(ptr)<span class="_ _5"> </span>type<span class="_ _14"> </span></span></span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _e"> </span>sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecify<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span>(p<span class="_ _6"></span>reviously<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated)<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>individual<span class="_ _e"> </span>objects</div><div class="t m0 xe he y133 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>STACK<span class="_ _10"> </span>MEMORY</div><div class="t m0 xe he y134 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">buffer[<span class="fc5">8</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y135 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc0">x<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(buffer)<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y136 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">y<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _15"> </span></span></span>short<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">2</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y137 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>no<span class="_ _10"> </span>need<span class="_ _c"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>deallocate<span class="_ _10"> </span>x,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 xe he y138 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>HEAP<span class="_ _10"> </span>MEMORY</div><div class="t m0 xe he y120 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">buffer2<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>unsigned<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">2</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y139 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">double<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc0">z<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(buffer2)<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>double<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y13a ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _10"> </span>buffer2;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y13b ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>delete[]<span class="_ _10"> </span>z;<span class="_ _3b"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>but<span class="_ _c"> </span>bad<span class="_ _10"> </span>practice</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">29/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf21" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="21"><div class="pc pc21 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIyUlEQVR42u3ZMUpDMQDH4URecAqeQZw6O4iIg4Mirh6lh3DsBTyEN3DQwRu4eAOnErAYsM/NweJSS5vA941vCv+3/Eji0clZAACAZry9PO9ZAQCA1ohUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAAB+xFqrFQAAaEdKyU0qAADNEakAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAMBGDB2dtZTihwEArCfn3NFp3aQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSTQAAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAA+IfBBOzK13J5O5vZYZseplMjANCFWGvt5aylFD8MAGA9OedejppS8twPAEBzRCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAOhbrLVaAQCAdqSU3KQCANAckQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAhBBCGEzAx2JxfHXz6+Pr06NlVk3OL1Y/2goANi7WWq0AAEA7Ukqe+wEAaI5IBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAALA7w/zu0AqwZe+X90YAgL9MTq9jPNgf558hjONoEAAAmvANiKAx/qWmeIIAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cating<span class="_ _8"> </span>Placement<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Objects</div><div class="t m0 x3a h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x3b h7 y7 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⇝<span class="_ _3c"> </span><span class="ff1">2/2</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Placement<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">non-trivial<span class="_ _e"> </span>objects<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>requires<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _e"> </span>call<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>object</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">destructo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>runtime<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>able<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>detect<span class="_ _e"> </span>when<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>out-of-scop<span class="_ _b"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 xe he y133 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y134 ff14 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">∼<span class="ffc">A()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span>cout<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fca">&quot;destructor&quot;</span></span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span>}</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y135 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y137 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">buffer[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y13c ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(buffer)<span class="_ _10"> </span>A();</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y13d ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>delete<span class="_ _10"> </span>x;<span class="_ _c"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>runtime<span class="_ _10"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>x<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _c"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>valid<span class="_ _10"> </span>heap<span class="_ _10"> </span>memory<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer</div><div class="t m0 xe he y13e ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">x<span class="fc5">-&gt;</span><span class="ff14">∼</span>A();<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _c"> </span>&quot;destructor&quot;</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y13f ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++23<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fc0">intro<span class="_ _b"></span>duces<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>safe<span class="_ _e"> </span>placement<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span>function</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h11 y140 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::start<span class="_ _7"> </span>lifetime<span class="_ _8"> </span>as()<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">30/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/start_lifetime_as"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:27.350000px;bottom:27.615000px;width:145.247000px;height:10.478000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf22" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="22"><div class="pc pc22 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Thro<span class="_ _f"></span>wing<span class="_ _10"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x3c h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">new<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erato<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>allow<span class="_ _6"></span>s<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>non-throwing<span class="_ _a"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span>by<span class="_ _a"> </span>passing<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">std::nothrow</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">object.<span class="_ _10"> </span>It<span class="_ _e"> </span>returns<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">NULL<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>pointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>instead<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>throwing<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">std::bad<span class="_ _8"> </span>alloc<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>exception<span class="_ _a"> </span>if</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y141 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _e"> </span>fails</div><div class="t m0 xe he y142 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>nothrow)<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[very_large_size];</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h12 y143 ffe fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">note<span class="_ _b"></span><span class="ff11">:<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">new<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>return<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="ffc">NULL<span class="_ _19"> </span></span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>even<span class="_ _d"> </span>if<span class="_ _1a"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>size<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>0</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y144 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::nothrow<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">do<span class="_ _0"></span>esn’t<span class="_ _a"> </span>mean<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>object(s)<span class="_ _e"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>throw<span class="_ _a"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>exception</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y145 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">itself</div><div class="t m0 xe he y146 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y147 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">throw<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>std<span class="fc5">::</span>runtime_error{};<span class="_ _10"> </span>}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y148 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y149 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>(std<span class="fc5">::</span>nothrow)<span class="_ _10"> </span>A;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>throw<span class="_ _10"> </span>std::runtime_error</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">31/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf23" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="23"><div class="pc pc23 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _f"></span>ry<span class="_ _10"> </span>Leak</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y14a ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _7"> </span>Leak</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y14b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _7"> </span>leak<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">is<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>dynamically<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated<span class="_ _e"> </span>entity<span class="_ _a"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>heap<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>is</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y14c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">no<span class="_ _e"> </span>longer<span class="_ _e"> </span>used<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogram,<span class="_ _e"> </span>but<span class="_ _e"> </span>still<span class="_ _e"> </span>maintained<span class="_ _e"> </span>overall<span class="_ _e"> </span>its<span class="_ _e"> </span>execution</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y14d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Problems:</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y14e ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Illegal<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>accesses<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff13">→<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff11 fs8">segmentation<span class="_ _d"> </span>fault/wrong<span class="_ _d"> </span>results</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y14f ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Undefined<span class="_ _e"> </span>values<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>their<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>ropagation<span class="ff13">→<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff11 fs8">segmentation<span class="_ _d"> </span>fault/wrong<span class="_ _d"> </span>results</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y150 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">A<span class="_ _6"></span>dditional<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>consumption<span class="_ _e"> </span>(p<span class="_ _b"></span>otential<span class="_ _e"> </span>segmentation<span class="_ _e"> </span>fault)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y151 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y152 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y153 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">array<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">nullptr</span></span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc9">memory<span class="_ _10"> </span>leak!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y154 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _c"> </span>memory<span class="_ _10"> </span>can<span class="_ _10"> </span>no<span class="_ _10"> </span>longer<span class="_ _10"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>deallocated!!</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y155 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _8"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>memory<span class="_ _d"> </span>leaks<span class="_ _a"> </span>are<span class="_ _d"> </span>esp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecially<span class="_ _d"> </span>difficult<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _a"> </span>detect<span class="_ _a"> </span>in<span class="_ _a"> </span>complex<span class="_ _a"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _a"> </span>when<span class="_ _a"> </span>objects<span class="_ _a"> </span>are</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y156 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">widely<span class="_ _d"> </span>used</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">32/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf24" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="24"><div class="pc pc24 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>OS</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y157 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogram<span class="_ _e"> </span>do<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>directly<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cate<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>itself<span class="_ _e"> </span>but,<span class="_ _e"> </span>it<span class="_ _e"> </span>asks<span class="_ _e"> </span>for<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>chuck<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y158 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>OS.<span class="_ _e"> </span>The<span class="_ _e"> </span>OS<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rovides<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>granularit<span class="_ _f"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>pages<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff4">(virtual</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y159 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry),<span class="_ _e"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _c"> </span>4KB<span class="_ _a"> </span>on<span class="_ _e"> </span>Linux</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y15a ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Implication<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _c"> </span>out-of-bound<span class="_ _e"> </span>accesses<span class="_ _e"> </span>do<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>alwa<span class="_ _f"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span>lead<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>segmentation<span class="_ _e"> </span>fault<span class="_ _7"> </span>(lucky</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y15b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">case).<span class="_ _10"> </span>The<span class="_ _e"> </span>wo<span class="_ _f"></span>rst<span class="_ _e"> </span>case<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>execution<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _0"></span>ehavio<span class="_ _f"></span>r</div><div class="t m0 xe he y15c ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">x<span class="_ _34"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y15d ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">num_iters<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4096<span class="_ _c"> </span>/<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>4<span class="_ _10"> </span>KB</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y15e ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">for<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span>i<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>num_iters;<span class="_ _10"> </span>i<span class="fc5">++</span>)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y15f ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">x[i]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>no<span class="_ _10"> </span>segmentation<span class="_ _10"> </span>fault</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">33/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf25" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="25"><div class="pc pc25 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Initialization</div><a class="l" href="#pf25" data-dest-detail='[37,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:137.252000px;width:141.178000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf26" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="26"><div class="pc pc26 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">V<span class="_ _f"></span>ariable<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++03<span class="fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y160 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a1;<span class="_ _3d"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">default<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _c"> </span>(undefined<span class="_ _10"> </span>value)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y161 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">a2<span class="fc0">(<span class="fc5">2</span>);<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffe">direct<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">value</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y162 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">a3<span class="fc0">(<span class="fc5">0</span>);<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffe">direct<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">value</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>(zero-initialization)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y163 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span>a4();<span class="_ _1b"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span>a4<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>function</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y164 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a5<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>2</span>;<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">copy<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y165 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a6<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>2u</span>;<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">cop<span class="_ _f"></span>y<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd">initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>(+<span class="_ _10"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion)</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y166 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a7<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">2</span>);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">cop<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd">initialization</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y167 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a8<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">();<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">copy<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>(zero-initialization)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y168 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a9<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">cop<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>list<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd">initialization,<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>brace-initialization<span class="ffd">/</span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>raced-init-list<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd">syntax</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">34/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf27" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="27"><div class="pc pc27 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unifo<span class="_ _f"></span>rm<span class="_ _10"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y169 ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++11<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff5 fc0">Uniform<span class="_ _13"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span><span class="ff4">syntax<span class="_ _e"> </span>allows<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialize<span class="_ _e"> </span>different<span class="_ _e"> </span>entities</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y16a ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables,<span class="_ _e"> </span>objects,<span class="_ _e"> </span>structures,<span class="_ _e"> </span>etc.)<span class="_ _10"> </span>in<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>consistent<span class="_ _e"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>race-initialization<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y16b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">b<span class="_ _6"></span>raced-init-list<span class="_ _e"> </span>syntax:</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y16c ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b1{<span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffe">direct<span class="_ _1a"> </span>list<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">value</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y16d ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b2{};<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">direct<span class="_ _d"> </span>list<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">value</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _c"> </span>(default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constructor/</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3d he y16e ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _3f"> </span>zero-initialization)</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y16f ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b3<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">{};<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">copy<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>(default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constr./zero-initialization)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y170 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b4<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="fc5">4</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">cop<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd">initialization</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y171 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b5<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">cop<span class="_ _f"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>list<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd">initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>(default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constr./zero-initialization)</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">35/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/list_initialization"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:65.836000px;bottom:197.541000px;width:137.000000px;height:11.689000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf28" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="28"><div class="pc pc28 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Brace<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>A<span class="_ _f"></span>dvantages</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y172 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">unifo<span class="_ _6"></span>rm<span class="_ _7"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>also<span class="_ _e"> </span>used<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">safely<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>convert<span class="_ _a"> </span>arithmetic<span class="_ _a"> </span>types,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y173 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _6"></span>reventing<span class="_ _e"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">na<span class="_ _6"></span>rro<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _e"> </span>i.e<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>otential<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>loss.<span class="_ _c"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>syntax<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>also<span class="_ _e"> </span>more<span class="_ _a"> </span>concise</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y174 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">than<span class="_ _e"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dern<span class="_ _e"> </span>casts</div><div class="t m0 xe he y175 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b4<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>-1</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y176 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b5{<span class="fc5">-1</span>};<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y177 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b6<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>-1</span>;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y178 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span>b7{-1};<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y179 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f1{<span class="fc5">10e30</span>};<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y17a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>10e40</span>;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;inf&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y17b ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//float<span class="_ _10"> </span>f3{10e40};<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">36/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf29" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="29"><div class="pc pc29 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _f"></span>y<span class="_ _10"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _40"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y17c ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">aggregate<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>brace-initialization<span class="_ _a"> </span>syntax,<span class="_ _e"> </span>also</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y17d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">called<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>raced-init-list<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>aggregate-initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y17e ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">One<span class="_ _e"> </span>dimension:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y17f ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>size</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y180 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b[]<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>size</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y181 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c[]<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fca">&quot;abcd&quot;</span></span>;<span class="_ _3b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>size</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y182 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">d[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>d[2]<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>0<span class="_ _c"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>zero/default<span class="_ _10"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y183 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">e[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">0</span>};<span class="_ _41"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>all<span class="_ _10"> </span>values<span class="_ _c"> </span>are<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y184 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3c he y185 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">all<span class="_ _10"> </span>values<span class="_ _10"> </span>are<span class="_ _c"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>0<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">(<span class="fcc">C++11</span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y186 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">g[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span>{};<span class="_ _3d"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>all<span class="_ _10"> </span>values<span class="_ _c"> </span>are<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>0<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">(<span class="fcc">C++11</span>)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">37/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2a"><div class="pc pc2a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIuklEQVR42u3csWnDQBiGYV3QkerIDCGVJwghdcCld9EQqbRBhvAQLjJENkhlrso1cudeAoU76Xkm+PnUvEig8PL63gEAQDV+vi8PVgAAoDYiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQCAu1BKsQIAAPWIMXqTCgBAdUQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQCA/9c3dGvO2QMDAFgmpdTQtd6kAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUk0AAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQCAjetNAMBcp3E0wtrOw2AE9iyUUlq5NefsgQEALJNSauXUGKPP/QAAVEekAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQCAtvUmAGCu0zgaYW3nYTACexZKKa3cmnP2wAAAlkkptXJqjNHnfgAAqiNSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEA2JyWfkEFAMAe+AUVAAA1EqkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAABsXn/9fLYCsJ7fjy8jADDL4e0YwtPjdP3rummaDAIAQBVumwEr/m5cMFkAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _f"></span>y<span class="_ _10"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _40"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y187 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>wo<span class="_ _a"> </span>dimensions:</div><div class="t m0 xe h11 y188 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff9 fc0">a[][<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _13"> </span></span>{<span class="_ _13"> </span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="fc5">2</span>},<span class="_ _13"> </span>{<span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="fc5">4</span>},<span class="_ _13"> </span>{<span class="fc5">5</span>,<span class="fc5">6</span>}<span class="_ _13"> </span>};<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h11 y189 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff9 fc0">b[][<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _13"> </span></span>{<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">4<span class="_ _13"> </span></span>};<span class="_ _42"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h11 y18a ffd fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>the<span class="_ _13"> </span>type<span class="_ _13"> </span>of<span class="_ _13"> </span>&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _13"> </span>and<span class="_ _13"> </span>&quot;b&quot;<span class="_ _13"> </span>is<span class="_ _13"> </span>an<span class="_ _13"> </span>array<span class="_ _13"> </span>of<span class="_ _13"> </span>type<span class="_ _13"> </span>int[]</div><div class="t m0 xe h15 y18b ffd fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>int<span class="_ _13"> </span>c[][]<span class="_ _43"> </span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span>...;<span class="_ _44"> </span>//<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ffa">compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h15 y18c ffd fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>int<span class="_ _13"> </span>d[2][]<span class="_ _13"> </span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span>...;<span class="_ _44"> </span>//<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ffa">compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">38/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2b"><div class="pc pc2b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>C++03<span class="_ _45"> </span>1/4</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structures<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _e"> </span>also<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">aggregate<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>brace-initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">syntax,<span class="_ _e"> </span>also<span class="_ _e"> </span>called<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>raced-init-list<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>aggregate-initialization</div><div class="t m0 xe he y18d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">S<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y18e ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y18f ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y190 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y191 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s1;<span class="_ _39"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _c"> </span>x,y<span class="_ _10"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _10"> </span>values</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y192 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>copy<span class="_ _10"> </span>list<span class="_ _c"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _10"> </span>x,y<span class="_ _10"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constr./zero-init</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y193 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s3<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>copy<span class="_ _10"> </span>list<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _10"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y=2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y194 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s4<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>};<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>copy<span class="_ _10"> </span>list<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _10"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y<span class="_ _c"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constr./zero-init</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y195 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s5(3,<span class="_ _10"> </span>5);<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _10"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>found</div><div class="t m0 xe he y196 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">f</span>()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y197 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s6<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>verbose</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y198 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">s6;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y199 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">39/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2c"><div class="pc pc2c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>C++11<span class="_ _45"> </span>2/4</div><div class="t m0 xe he y19a ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">S<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y19b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y19c ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y19d ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y19e ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y19f ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s1{};<span class="_ _34"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>direct<span class="_ _10"> </span>list<span class="_ _c"> </span>(or<span class="_ _10"> </span>value)<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 xd he y1a0 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _1b"> </span>x,y,ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constr./zero-initialization</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a1 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s2{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>direct<span class="_ _10"> </span>list<span class="_ _10"> </span>(or<span class="_ _10"> </span>value)<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 xd he y1a2 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _1b"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y=2,<span class="_ _10"> </span>ptr<span class="_ _c"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constr./zero-initialization</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a3 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>S<span class="_ _10"> </span>s3{1,<span class="_ _c"> </span>-2};<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _10"> </span>narrowing<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a4 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">f</span>()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">return<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span>}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>non-verbose</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">40/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2d"><div class="pc pc2d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Brace<span class="_ _8"> </span>or<span class="_ _8"> </span>Equal<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _46"> </span>3/4</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Static<span class="_ _13"> </span>Data<span class="_ _13"> </span>Member<span class="_ _13"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff9">(NSDMI)<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"></span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _e"> </span>also<span class="_ _e"> </span>called<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">brace<span class="_ _a"> </span>or<span class="_ _a"> </span>equal</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialization<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y18d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">S1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y18e ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>equal<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y18f ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>2</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>equal<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y190 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _15"> </span>auto<span class="_ _1b"> </span>z<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3;<span class="_ _c"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>allowed<span class="_ _10"> </span>for<span class="_ _c"> </span>non-static<span class="_ _10"> </span>member<span class="_ _10"> </span>variables</div><div class="t m0 xe he y191 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y192 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">S2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y193 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>brace<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y194 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y195 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a5 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S1<span class="_ _10"> </span>s1;<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>call<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _10"> </span>(x=3,<span class="_ _c"> </span>y=2)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y196 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S1<span class="_ _10"> </span>s2{};<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>call<span class="_ _c"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _10"> </span>(x=3,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y=2)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y197 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S1<span class="_ _10"> </span>s3{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">4</span>};<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>set<span class="_ _10"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y=4</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y198 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S2<span class="_ _10"> </span>s4;<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>call<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>default<span class="_ _10"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _10"> </span>(x=3)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y199 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S2<span class="_ _10"> </span>s5{<span class="fc5">5</span>};<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>set<span class="_ _10"> </span>x=5</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">41/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/data_members#Member_initialization"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:27.350000px;bottom:204.056000px;width:268.727000px;height:11.690000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2e"><div class="pc pc2e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _10"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Designated<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initializer<span class="_ _10"> </span>List<span class="_ _31"> </span>4/4</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fc0">intro<span class="_ _b"></span>duces<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff5">designated<span class="_ _13"> </span>initializer<span class="_ _13"> </span>list<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he ydb ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yed ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y,<span class="_ _c"> </span>z;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he ydc ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he ydd ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span>a1{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _47"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _c"> </span>same<span class="_ _10"> </span>of</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he yde ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span>a2{.x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span>.y<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span>.z<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>designated<span class="_ _10"> </span>initializer<span class="_ _10"> </span>list</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y1a6 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Designated<span class="_ _e"> </span>initializer<span class="_ _e"> </span>list<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>very<span class="_ _7"> </span>useful<span class="_ _e"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>imp<span class="_ _6"></span>roving<span class="_ _e"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de<span class="_ _e"> </span>readability</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a7 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f1<span class="fc0">(</span></span>bool<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a,<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b,<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c,<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">d,<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">e)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{}</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a8 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>long<span class="_ _10"> </span>list<span class="_ _c"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>same<span class="_ _10"> </span>data<span class="_ _10"> </span>type<span class="_ _10"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _c"> </span>error-prone</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a9 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">B<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1aa ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">bool<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a,<span class="_ _10"> </span>b,<span class="_ _c"> </span>c,<span class="_ _10"> </span>d,<span class="_ _10"> </span>e;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1ab ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};<span class="_ _48"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>f2(B<span class="_ _10"> </span>b)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1ac ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f2({.a<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc8">true</span></span>,<span class="_ _c"> </span>.c<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc8">true</span></span>});<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>b,<span class="_ _10"> </span>d,<span class="_ _10"> </span>e<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>false</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">42/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/aggregate_initialization#Designated_initializers"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:134.351000px;bottom:203.815000px;width:165.636000px;height:11.931000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2f"><div class="pc pc2f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Binding</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _e"> </span>Binding<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff4">declaration<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fcc">C++17<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>binds<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecified<span class="_ _e"> </span>names<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>elements<span class="_ _e"> </span>of</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initializer:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y18d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y18e ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>1</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y18f ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>2</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y190 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}<span class="_ _10"> </span>a;</div><div class="t m0 xe he y191 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">f</span>()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">return<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>A{<span class="fc5">4</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">5</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span>}</div><div class="t m0 x39 he y192 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">Case<span class="_ _10"> </span>(1):<span class="_ _c"> </span>struct</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y193 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y1]<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>x1=1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y1=2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y194 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x2,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y2]<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>f();<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>x2=4,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y2=5</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y195 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b[<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff17">Case<span class="_ _10"> </span>(2):<span class="_ _10"> </span>raw<span class="_ _10"> </span>arrays</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a5 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x3,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y3]<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>b;<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>x3=1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y3=2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y196 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x4,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y4]<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>std<span class="fc5">::</span>tuple<span class="fc5">&lt;</span></span><span class="fc4">float<span class="ffc fc0">,<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">{</span>3.0f<span class="fc0">,<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>2<span class="fc0">};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">Case<span class="_ _c"> </span>(3):<span class="_ _10"> </span>tuples</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y197 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span>auto<span class="_ _c"> </span>[x1,<span class="_ _10"> </span>y1]<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>a;<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">constexpr<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>structure<span class="_ _10"> </span>binding<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>allowed</div><div class="t m0 x3e he y198 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>because<span class="_ _10"> </span>it<span class="_ _c"> </span>relies<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>references</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">43/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf30" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="30"><div class="pc pc30 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIs0lEQVR42u3ZsU0DQRBA0Vt0I6IVNSAiKkCIGIkS6MNFkDumCIogoAg6ILI2gXFwZC7gZNm71nsVjGaTr9ly9/A0AQBAN76/Pq9sAQCA3ohUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAAAOSmbaAgAA/YgIl1QAALojUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAQJ/mgWZtrXkwAIB1aq0DTeuSCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQCAc5mtAODofvf71+12lGk/NhtPBvSmZOYos7bWPBgAwDq11lFGjQjf/QAAdEekAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQDgUpXMtAUAAPoRES6pAAB0R6QCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAwjHmgWVtrHgwAYJ1a60DTuqQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAXJCSmbYAAEA/IsIlFQCA7ohUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAOJF593ZrCwAHP8/vlgBwXvePL6XcXC+7v2lalsVCAADowj/SnSv+Q0l5eAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _e"> </span>applies<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>same<span class="_ _e"> </span>rules<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _b"></span>cated</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y1ad ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++03<span class="fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1ae ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">a1<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>undefined</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1af ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">a2<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">();<span class="_ _49"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>zero-initialization,<span class="_ _10"> </span>call<span class="_ _c"> </span>&quot;=<span class="_ _10"> </span>int()&quot;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b0 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">a3<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>single<span class="_ _10"> </span>value<span class="_ _10"> </span>equal<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b1 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">a4<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _10"> </span>4<span class="_ _c"> </span>elements<span class="_ _10"> </span>with<span class="_ _10"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _10"> </span>values</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b2 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">a5<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>]();<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _10"> </span>4<span class="_ _10"> </span>elements<span class="_ _10"> </span>zero-initialized,<span class="_ _c"> </span>call<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;=<span class="_ _10"> </span>int()&quot;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b3 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int*<span class="_ _10"> </span>a6<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span>int[4](3);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>valid</div><div class="t m0 x1 h12 y1b4 ff11 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++11<span class="fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b5 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">b1<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>]{};<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _10"> </span>4<span class="_ _10"> </span>elements<span class="_ _10"> </span>zero-initialized,<span class="_ _c"> </span>call<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;=<span class="_ _10"> </span>int{}&quot;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b6 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">b2<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>]{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>set<span class="_ _10"> </span>first,<span class="_ _c"> </span>second,<span class="_ _10"> </span>zero-initialized</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">44/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf31" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="31"><div class="pc pc31 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Initialization<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _10"> </span>Undefined<span class="_ _8"> </span>Behavio<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _8"> </span>Example</div><div class="t m0 x3f h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1 h12 y1b7 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lib/libc/stdlib/rand.c<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">of<span class="_ _1a"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>FreeBSD<span class="_ _1a"> </span>lib<span class="_ _b"></span>c</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b8 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">timeval<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">tv;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1b9 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span>long<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">junk;<span class="_ _4a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialized,<span class="_ _c"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _10"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1ba ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">/*<span class="_ _10"> </span>XXX<span class="_ _10"> </span>left<span class="_ _c"> </span>uninitialized<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>purpose<span class="_ _10"> </span>*/</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1bb ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">gettimeofday(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>tv,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc8">NULL</span>);</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1bc ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">srandom((getpid()<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>16</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">ˆ<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>tv.tv_sec<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">ˆ<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>tv.tv_usec<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">ˆ<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>junk);</div><div class="t m0 x36 he y1bd ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>A<span class="_ _10"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _c"> </span>can<span class="_ _10"> </span>assign<span class="_ _10"> </span>any<span class="_ _10"> </span>value<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>only<span class="_ _c"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>variable,</div><div class="t m0 x36 he y1be ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>but<span class="_ _10"> </span>also<span class="_ _c"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>expressions<span class="_ _10"> </span>derived<span class="_ _10"> </span>from<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>variable</div><div class="t m0 x36 he y1bf ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>GCC<span class="_ _10"> </span>assigns<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff17">junk<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>register.<span class="_ _10"> </span>Clang<span class="_ _10"> </span>further<span class="_ _c"> </span>eliminates<span class="_ _10"> </span>computation</div><div class="t m0 x36 he y1c0 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>derived<span class="_ _10"> </span>from<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff17">junk<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>completely,<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>generates<span class="_ _10"> </span>code<span class="_ _10"> </span>that<span class="_ _c"> </span>does<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>use</div><div class="t m0 x36 he y1c1 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>either<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">gettimeofday<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>or<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">getpid</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">45/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf32" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="32"><div class="pc pc32 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References</div><a class="l" href="#pf32" data-dest-detail='[50,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:137.252000px;width:124.123000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf33" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="33"><div class="pc pc33 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _4b"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y1c2 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y1c3 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">reference<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">T&amp;<span class="_ _e"> </span></span></span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">alias</span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>namely<span class="_ _e"> </span>another<span class="_ _e"> </span>name<span class="_ _e"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>already<span class="_ _e"> </span>existing</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y1c4 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable.<span class="_ _c"> </span>Both<span class="_ _a"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>variable<span class="_ _a"> </span>reference<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>applied<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>refer<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>the</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y1c5 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y1c6 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">A<span class="_ _7"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _7"> </span>has<span class="_ _7"> </span>its<span class="_ _7"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>wn<span class="_ _7"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _7"> </span>address<span class="_ _7"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>s<span class="_ _b"></span>ize<span class="_ _e"> </span>on<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _7"> </span>stack,<span class="_ _7"> </span>reference<span class="_ _7"> </span>shares<span class="_ _e"> </span>the</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y1c7 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">same<span class="_ _7"> </span>memory<span class="_ _e"> </span>address<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">(with<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>original<span class="_ _a"> </span>variable)</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y1c8 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _a"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>internally<span class="_ _a"> </span>implement<span class="_ _e"> </span>references<span class="_ _a"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointers</span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>but<span class="_ _a"> </span>treats<span class="_ _e"> </span>them<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _a"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y1c9 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">very<span class="_ _e"> </span>different<span class="_ _e"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>y</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">46/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf34" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="34"><div class="pc pc34 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _4b"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y1ca ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References<span class="_ _7"> </span>are<span class="_ _e"> </span>safer<span class="_ _7"> </span>than<span class="_ _8"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointers<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y1cb ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">References<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">cannot<span class="_ _7"> </span>have<span class="_ _8"> </span>NULL<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>value.<span class="_ _c"> </span>Y<span class="_ _4"></span>ou<span class="_ _e"> </span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>alwa<span class="_ _f"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>able<span class="_ _7"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>assume<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y1cc ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">reference<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>connected<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>legitimate<span class="_ _e"> </span>sto<span class="_ _6"></span>rage</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y1cd ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">References<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff1">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _8"> </span>changed</span>.<span class="_ _17"> </span>Once<span class="_ _c"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _c"> </span>an<span class="_ _10"> </span>object,<span class="_ _5"> </span>it</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y1ce ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>changed<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>refer<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>another<span class="_ _e"> </span>object</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y1cf ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointers<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointed<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>another<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>any<span class="_ _e"> </span>time)</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y1d0 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">References<span class="_ _e"> </span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">initialized<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>when<span class="_ _e"> </span>they<span class="_ _e"> </span>are<span class="_ _a"> </span>created</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y1d1 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointers<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>any<span class="_ _e"> </span>time)</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">47/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf35" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="35"><div class="pc pc35 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _10"> </span>Examples</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _7"> </span>syntax:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff5">T&amp;<span class="_ _13"> </span>var<span class="_ _13"> </span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span>...</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1d2 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int<span class="ff17">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _1b"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>no<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1d3 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int<span class="ff17">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>b<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3;<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>&quot;3&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _c"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>variable</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1d4 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1d5 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">d<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">c;<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference.<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok<span class="_ _10"> </span>valid<span class="_ _10"> </span>initialization</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1d6 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">e<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">d;<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok.<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>reference<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1d7 ffc fs8 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">d;<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>increment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1d8 ffc fs8 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">e;<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>increment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1d9 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>c;<span class="_ _3b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1da ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1db ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>&amp;<span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1dc ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">c<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>&amp;<span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1dd ffc fs8 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">b;<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>change<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>value<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _c"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>b<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1de ffc fs8 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++*<span class="fc0">c;<span class="_ _49"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>change<span class="_ _c"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>value<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(a<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1df ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">d<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1e0 ffc fs8 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">d;<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>change<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>value<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _15"> </span></span>(a<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>5)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">48/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf36" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="36"><div class="pc pc36 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _10"> </span>F<span class="_ _f"></span>unction<span class="_ _10"> </span>Arguments<span class="_ _4c"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y1e1 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _e"> </span>vs.<span class="_ _10"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rguments:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1e2 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>value<span class="_ _10"> </span>may<span class="_ _10"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>nullptr</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1e3 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">value)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>value<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>never<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>nullptr</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1e4 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1e5 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>a);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1e6 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(<span class="fc5">0</span>);<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>dangerous<span class="_ _c"> </span>but<span class="_ _10"> </span>it<span class="_ _10"> </span>works!!<span class="_ _10"> </span>(but<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _c"> </span>with<span class="_ _10"> </span>other<span class="_ _10"> </span>numbers)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1e7 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//f(a);<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>pointer</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1e8 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(a);<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1e9 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//g(3);<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>&quot;3&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _c"> </span>something</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1ea ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//g(<span class="ff17">&amp;</span>a);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>&quot;<span class="ff17">&amp;</span>a&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _c"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>reference</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">49/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf37" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="37"><div class="pc pc37 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _10"> </span>F<span class="_ _f"></span>unction<span class="_ _10"> </span>Arguments<span class="_ _4c"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y81 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>use<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>indicate<span class="_ _e"> </span>fixed<span class="_ _e"> </span>size<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rra<span class="_ _6"></span>ys:</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1eb ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>array)[<span class="fc5">3</span>])<span class="_ _c"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>accepts<span class="_ _10"> </span>only<span class="_ _10"> </span>arrays<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _c"> </span>size<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1ec ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array);</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1ed ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1ee ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[])<span class="_ _c"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1ef ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array);<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>any<span class="_ _10"> </span>surprise?</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f0 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f1 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[<span class="fc5">3</span>],<span class="_ _10"> </span>B[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f2 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">C<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">A;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f3 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f4 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(A);<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1f5 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>f(B);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>B<span class="_ _c"> </span>has<span class="_ _10"> </span>size<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1f6 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>f(C);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>C<span class="_ _c"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f7 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(A);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f8 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(B);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1f9 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(C);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">50/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf38" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="38"><div class="pc pc38 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIz0lEQVR42u3ZsUkEQRTH4RvZh9FgDWJkBSLGguH1skUYbQcWcUUYWIQdGB0TOcmZCWbHivJm+b4KHv9NfsyWm7uHHQAApPH+9nphBQAAshGpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAB8K713KwAAkEdEeEkFACAdkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAICtmwa6tbXmgwEArFNrHehaL6kAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUEwAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAA8F8mE8CW7JfFCOc7zLMRAHIqvfdRbm2t+WAAAOvUWkc5NSL87gcAIB2RCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAA/tZkAtiS/bIY4XyHeTYCQE6l9z7Kra01HwwAYJ1a6yinRoTf/QAApCNSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQCAH0rv3QoAAOQREV5SAQBIR6QCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgBAMtNAt7bWfDAAgHVqrQNd6yUVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRagIAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAADIpfTerQAAQB4R4SUVAIB0RCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAH5rOj5fWwFgqz4eX4wADOf2/qmUq8vT8XO3O51OBgEAIIUvs2Ux/KfduX4AAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _10"> </span>Arra<span class="_ _f"></span>ys</div><div class="t m0 x3d h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 xe he y19a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y19b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>B)[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>A;<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>array</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y19c ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">C[<span class="fc5">10</span>][<span class="fc5">3</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y19d ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>D)[<span class="fc5">10</span>][<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>C;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>2D<span class="_ _c"> </span>array</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1fa ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>type<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span>(*)[4]</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y19f ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>read<span class="_ _10"> </span>as<span class="_ _c"> </span>&quot;pointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>arrays<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>4<span class="_ _10"> </span>int&quot;</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1a0 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span>(<span class="ff17">&amp;</span>d)[3][4]<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>c;<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y1fb ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span>(*e)[3]<span class="_ _3b"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>c;<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1a1 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">*</span>f)[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>c;<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1fc ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1fd ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">&amp;</span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>an<span class="_ _10"> </span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _c"> </span>size<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</div><div class="t m0 xe he y1fe ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>array)[<span class="fc5">1</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y1ff ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>*</span>(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>array;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y200 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>size1;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y201 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>size2;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 xf h12 y202 ff11 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">see</span><span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fcb sc0">also</span><span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ffc"><span class="fcb sc0">www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">51/92</div><a class="l" href="www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/cpp/cp4_PointerReference.html"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:67.359000px;bottom:-15.770000px;width:100.846000px;height:13.445000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf39" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="39"><div class="pc pc39 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Memb<span class="_ _b"></span>er<span class="_ _10"> </span>A<span class="_ _f"></span>ccess</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd yfb ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">dot<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>(<span class="ff9 fc3">.</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span>operator<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>applied<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cal<span class="_ _e"> </span>objects<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>references</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y203 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">arrow<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator<span class="_ _a"> </span>(<span class="ff9 fc3">-&gt;</span>)<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>used<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>object</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y204 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x35 he y205 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y206 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y207 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span>a;<span class="_ _34"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>local<span class="_ _10"> </span>object</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y208 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a.x;<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>dot<span class="_ _10"> </span>syntax</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y209 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>ref<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>reference</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y20a ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ref.x;<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>dot<span class="_ _c"> </span>syntax</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y20b ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>&amp;</span>a;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y20c ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr<span class="fc5">-&gt;</span>x;<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>arrow<span class="_ _10"> </span>syntax:<span class="_ _10"> </span>same<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>*ptr.x</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">52/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3a"><div class="pc pc3a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y20d ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">and<span class="_ _1"> </span>Constant</span></div><div class="t m0 xd h2 y20e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Exp<span class="_ _4"></span>ressions</div><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:154.437000px;width:241.993000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:115.247000px;width:130.569000px;height:24.025000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3b"><div class="pc pc3b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Constants<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>Literals</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff5">constant<span class="_ _13"> </span>expression<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span></span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>expression<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y20f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff5">literal<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span></span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">fixed<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>can<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>assigned<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">constant</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y210 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">fo<span class="_ _6"></span>rmally<span class="_ _4"></span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">“Literals<span class="_ _e"> </span>are<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>tok<span class="_ _6"></span>ens<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>C++<span class="_ _e"> </span>program<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>represent<span class="_ _a"> </span>constant<span class="_ _e"> </span>values</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h15 y211 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">emb<span class="_ _b"></span>edded<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>source<span class="_ _e"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de”</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y212 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Literal<span class="_ _7"> </span>types<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y213 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Concrete<span class="_ _7"> </span>values<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">of<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>scalar<span class="_ _a"> </span>types<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">bool<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">char<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">int<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">float<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">double<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>e.g.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hd y214 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">true<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>‘a’<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>3<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>2.0f</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y215 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">String<span class="_ _7"> </span>literal<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">of<span class="_ _e"> </span>type<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _13"> </span>char[]<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>e.g<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">&quot;literal&quot;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y216 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">nullptr</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y217 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">User-defined<span class="_ _e"> </span>literals,<span class="_ _e"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff9">2s</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">53/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/cv"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:38.260000px;bottom:203.815000px;width:119.818000px;height:11.931000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/expressions#Literals"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:38.260000px;bottom:181.028000px;width:51.091000px;height:11.689000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3c"><div class="pc pc3c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAI6ElEQVR42u3ZMS6FQRSA0Tfy36gm1iAqGyAiCoVEFGIvFqGyA4sQhVZBITagsQPVy1Ru83QKFX9IZl7OWcHNnebLnbKzf7gAAIBuvD0/bdgCAAC9EakAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAHwpmWkLAAD0IyJcUgEA6I5IBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAIBvpoFm3T069mAAAPO8Pj4MNK1LKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBYbyUzR5m1tebBAADmqbWOMmpEuKQCANAdkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAAD6NlkBQP/2zs4tYQgv93eWAH+iZOYos7bWPBgAwDy11lFGjQjf/QAAdEekAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAID1VjLTFgAA6EdEuKQCANAdkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABjRNNCsrTUPBgAwT611oGldUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACMZ7ICWCcX19eW8HO3l5eWANCnkpmjzNpa82AAAPPUWkcZNSJ89wMA0B2RCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAB/pGSmLQAA0I+IcEkFAKA7IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAArLdpebVtCwD8yvvJjSUA/2f34LSUrc3V8mOxWK1WFgIAQBc+AcAnN/iBVibxAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y218 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">keyw<span class="_ _f"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y219 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">const<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span>keyw<span class="_ _f"></span>ord<span class="_ _a"> </span>declares<span class="_ _a"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>object<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">never<span class="_ _8"> </span>changes<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>after<span class="_ _e"> </span>the</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y21a ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialization.<span class="_ _10"> </span>A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>variable<span class="_ _a"> </span>must<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _e"> </span>when<span class="_ _e"> </span>declared</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y21b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">const<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>if<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>right<span class="_ _e"> </span>exp<span class="_ _6"></span>ression<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>also</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y21c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time</div><div class="t m0 xe he y21d ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _4d"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>size<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y21e ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[size]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>technically<span class="_ _10"> </span>possible<span class="_ _c"> </span>but,<span class="_ _10"> </span>variable<span class="_ _10"> </span>size<span class="_ _10"> </span>stack<span class="_ _10"> </span>array</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x40 he y21f ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>are<span class="_ _10"> </span>considered<span class="_ _c"> </span>BAD<span class="_ _10"> </span>programming</div><div class="t m0 xe he y220 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">SIZE<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y221 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>SIZE<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>4;<span class="_ _4e"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span>SIZE<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>const</div><div class="t m0 xe he y222 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">B[SIZE]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y223 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size2<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>size;<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>size2<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>dynamic</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">54/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/cv"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:52.532000px;bottom:189.295000px;width:39.637000px;height:12.694000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3d"><div class="pc pc3d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointers<span class="_ _4f"> </span>1/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">int*<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff13">→<span class="_ _13"> </span></span>const<span class="_ _13"> </span>int*</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _13"> </span>int*</span></div><div class="t m0 x41 h18 y224 ff1c fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x42 h18 y225 ff1c fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x41 h15 y5d ff13 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">→<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff9">int*</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y226 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">read<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">const<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">array)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>values<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>array<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>cannot<span class="_ _10"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>modified</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y227 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">write<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">array)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{}</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y228 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y229 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">const_ptr<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y22a ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">read(ptr);<span class="_ _39"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y22b ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">write(ptr);<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y22c ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">read(const_ptr);<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y22d ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>write(const_ptr);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">55/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3e"><div class="pc pc3e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointers<span class="_ _4f"> </span>2/3</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y22e ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff5">int*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">int</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y22f ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>can<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y230 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>elements<span class="_ _d"> </span>referred<span class="_ _a"> </span>by<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>can<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y231 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _13"> </span>int*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _13"> </span>int</span>.<span class="_ _c"> </span>Read<span class="_ _a"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">(const<span class="_ _13"> </span>int)*</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y232 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>can<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y233 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>elements<span class="_ _d"> </span>referred<span class="_ _a"> </span>by<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y234 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff5">int<span class="_ _13"> </span>*const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">const<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">int</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y235 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y236 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>elements<span class="_ _d"> </span>referred<span class="_ _a"> </span>by<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>can<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y237 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _13"> </span>int<span class="_ _13"> </span>*const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">const<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _13"> </span>int</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y238 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y239 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _a"> </span>elements<span class="_ _d"> </span>referred<span class="_ _a"> </span>by<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y23a ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _50"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _c"> </span>int*<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>(<span class="ffa">West<span class="_ _d"> </span>notation</span>)<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>equal<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5">int<span class="_ _c"> </span>const*<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>(<span class="ffa">East<span class="_ _a"> </span>notation</span>)</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y23b ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Tip:<span class="_ _8"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _a"> </span>types<span class="_ _a"> </span>should<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>read<span class="_ _d"> </span>from<span class="_ _a"> </span>right<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _a"> </span>left</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">56/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3f"><div class="pc pc3f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointers</span></div><div class="t m0 x24 h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1e h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">3/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Common<span class="_ _7"> </span>error<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _10"> </span>adding<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>same<span class="_ _e"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span>adding<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _a"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>alias<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 xe he y23c ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">using<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">ptr_t<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y23d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">using<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">const_ptr_t<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y23e ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f1<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">const<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>read<span class="_ _10"> </span>as<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>(const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int)*<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y23f ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _15"> </span>ptr[0]<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>0;<span class="_ _29"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">not<span class="_ _d"> </span>allow<span class="_ _f"></span>ed<span class="ffd">:<span class="_ _c"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>const<span class="_ _10"> </span>objects</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y240 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">nullptr</span></span>;<span class="_ _41"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>allowed</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y241 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y242 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f2<span class="fc0">(const_ptr_t<span class="_ _10"> </span>ptr)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>same<span class="_ _10"> </span>as<span class="_ _10"> </span>before</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y243 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f3<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">ptr_t<span class="_ _c"> </span>ptr)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc9">warning!!<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>equal<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>int*<span class="_ _10"> </span>const<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y244 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr[<span class="fc5">0</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _29"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>allowed!!</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y245 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _15"> </span>ptr<span class="_ _1f"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>nullptr;<span class="_ _41"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">not<span class="_ _d"> </span>allow<span class="_ _f"></span>ed<span class="ffd">:<span class="_ _c"> </span>const<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>modifiable<span class="_ _10"> </span>objects</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y246 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">57/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf40" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="40"><div class="pc pc40 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h16 y247 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1 fs4">(C++11)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y248 ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9 fc0"><span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fs7">sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecifier<span class="_ _e"> </span>declares<span class="_ _a"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>expression<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">can<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y249 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">compile-time</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y24a ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _e"> </span>improve<span class="_ _a"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>erfo<span class="_ _f"></span>rmance<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>usage</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y24b ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>otentially<span class="_ _a"> </span>impact<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>compilation<span class="_ _e"> </span>time</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">58/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/constexpr"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:30.987000px;bottom:147.672000px;width:62.545000px;height:12.695000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf41" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="41"><div class="pc pc41 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Va<span class="_ _f"></span>riable</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y24c ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">Va<span class="_ _f"></span>riable</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y24d ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y24e ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">guarantees<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>variable<span class="_ _a"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>change<span class="_ _e"> </span>after<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y24f ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">implies<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">const</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y250 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>evaluation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y251 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v2<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>v1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span>;<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _10"> </span>evaluation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y252 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _34"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _c"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y253 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v3<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">run-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>evaluation!!</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y254 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c1<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>v1;<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hf y255 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span>c2<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>v3;<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;v3&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>variable</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">59/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf42" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="42"><div class="pc pc42 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Function<span class="_ _51"> </span>1/4</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y218 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">Function</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y219 ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">gua<span class="_ _6"></span>rantees<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluation<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>function<span class="_ _e"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span>long<span class="_ _e"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">all<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>its</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y21a ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a<span class="_ _6"></span>rguments<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time</div><div class="t m0 xe he y256 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">square<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y257 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y258 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y259 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">square(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>evaluation,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>4<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>literal</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y25a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y25b ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">square(a);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>evaluation</span></div><div class="t m0 xf h6 y25c ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4 fcc">C++11<span class="fc0">:<span class="_ _8"> </span>must<span class="_ _a"> </span>contain<span class="_ _a"> </span>exactly<span class="_ _a"> </span>one<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">return<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>statement,<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _a"> </span>no<span class="_ _a"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>ops<span class="_ _a"> </span>or<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="ff9">switch</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf h6 y25d ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4 fcc">C++14<span class="fc0">:<span class="_ _8"> </span>no<span class="_ _a"> </span>restrictions</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">60/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf43" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="43"><div class="pc pc43 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Function<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Constraints<span class="_ _52"> </span>2/4</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>function<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>alwa<span class="_ _f"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>if:</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y25e ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">contains<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rguments<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>lifetime<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>egins<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>expression,<span class="_ _a"> </span>even</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y25f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>function<span class="_ _e"> </span>do<span class="_ _b"></span>esn’t<span class="_ _e"> </span>dep<span class="_ _b"></span>end<span class="_ _e"> </span>on<span class="_ _e"> </span>them</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y260 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _10"> </span>}</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y261 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">v)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span></span>return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _10"> </span>}</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y262 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>...</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y263 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(v);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>evaluation</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y264 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(v);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>evaluation<span class="_ _10"> </span>lifetime<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>v<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>began<span class="_ _10"> </span>outside<span class="_ _c"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>expression</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y265 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">contains<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>functions,<span class="_ _e"> </span>namely<span class="_ _e"> </span>non-<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff9">constexpr<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>functions</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y266 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(detected<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">-Winvalid-constexpr<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>)</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y267 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">contains<span class="_ _e"> </span>references<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>global<span class="_ _e"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">61/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf44" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="44"><div class="pc pc44 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Function<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Limitations</span></div><div class="t m0 x43 h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1e h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">3/4</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y43 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>contain<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>features<span class="_ _e"> </span>such<span class="_ _e"> </span>as<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">exceptions<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>and<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ffa">RTTI</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y268 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>contain<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">assert()<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>until<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fcc">C++14</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y269 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">virtual<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>memb<span class="_ _b"></span>er<span class="_ _e"> </span>function<span class="_ _e"> </span>or<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>destructor<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff13">∼<span class="ff9">T<span class="_ _14"> </span></span></span>until<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fcc">C++20</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y26a ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>contain<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">try-catch<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>blo<span class="_ _b"></span>cks<span class="_ _e"> </span>or<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">asm<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>statements<span class="_ _a"> </span>until<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fcc">C++20</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y26b ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>contain<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">static<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>variables<span class="_ _a"> </span>or<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">goto<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>until<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fcc">C++23</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y26c ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">undefined<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>ehavior<span class="_ _a"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>allow<span class="_ _f"></span>ed,<span class="_ _e"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff9">reinterpret<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>unsafe<span class="_ _e"> </span>usage</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y26d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">union<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>signed<span class="_ _e"> </span>integer<span class="_ _e"> </span>overflow,<span class="_ _a"> </span>etc.</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">62/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf45" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="45"><div class="pc pc45 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Function<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Limitations</span></div><div class="t m0 x43 h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1e h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">4/4</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y5c ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffa">non-static<span class="_ _e"> </span>memb<span class="_ _0"></span>er<span class="_ _a"> </span>functions<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff4">of<span class="_ _a"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>objects<span class="_ _e"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>used<span class="_ _e"> </span>at</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>if<span class="_ _e"> </span>they<span class="_ _e"> </span>contain<span class="_ _e"> </span>data<span class="_ _e"> </span>memb<span class="_ _b"></span>ers<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>non-compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>functions</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y26e ffa fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _50"> </span><span class="ff9">static<span class="_ _c"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _19"> </span></span></span>memb<span class="_ _b"></span>er<span class="_ _a"> </span>functions<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff4">don’t<span class="_ _d"> </span>present<span class="_ _d"> </span>this<span class="_ _a"> </span>issue<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>ecause<span class="_ _a"> </span>they<span class="_ _a"> </span>don’t</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y26f ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">dep<span class="_ _b"></span>end<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _a"> </span>sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecific<span class="_ _a"> </span>instance</div><div class="t m0 xe he y270 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y271 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y272 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _49"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span></span>const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v;<span class="_ _10"> </span>}</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y273 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _16"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span></span>return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _10"> </span>}</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y274 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 xe he y275 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span>a1;</div><div class="t m0 xe he y276 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span>x<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>a1.f();<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _c"> </span>f()<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _10"> </span>at<span class="_ _10"> </span>run-time</div><div class="t m0 xe he y277 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>a1.g();<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>same<span class="_ _c"> </span>as<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>A::g()<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y278 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A<span class="_ _1c"> </span>a2;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y279 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>a2.f();<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">63/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf46" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="46"><div class="pc pc46 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h16 y27a ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1 fs4">(C++20)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y27b ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9 fc0"><span class="ff4 fs7">,<span class="_ _e"> </span>or<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ffa">immediate<span class="_ _e"> </span>function</span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>guarantees<span class="_ _a"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluation.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y27c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _b"></span>duces<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 xe he y27d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">square<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y27e ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y27f ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y280 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">square(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _c"> </span>evaluation</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y281 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;v&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>at<span class="_ _c"> </span>run-time</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y282 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>square(v);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">64/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/consteval"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:30.987000px;bottom:182.322000px;width:62.545000px;height:12.694000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf47" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="47"><div class="pc pc47 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h16 y24c ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1 fs4">(C++20)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y24d ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9 fc0"><span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fs7">guarantees<span class="_ _a"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>variable.<span class="_ _10"> </span>A<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y283 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialization<span class="_ _e"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _b"></span>duces<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 xf h6 y284 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _a"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _a"> </span>variable<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _a"> </span>change<span class="_ _a"> </span>during<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>execution</span></div><div class="t m0 xf h6 y285 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _c"> </span>constinit<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">do<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _a"> </span>not<span class="_ _a"> </span>imply<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>constexpr<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _a"> </span>while<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>opp<span class="_ _b"></span>osite<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>true</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y286 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">square<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y287 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y288 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y289 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>square(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _10"> </span>evaluation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y28a ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">v1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _26"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>v1<span class="_ _10"> </span>can<span class="_ _10"> </span>change</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y28b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _53"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;v&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y28c ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>constinit<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span>v2<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>square(a);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">65/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/constinit"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:30.987000px;bottom:187.303000px;width:62.545000px;height:12.694000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf48" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="48"><div class="pc pc48 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h19 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _19"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _13"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9 fc0"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span><span class="ff4 fcc">C++17<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fc0">allows<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">conditionally<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>compile<span class="_ _a"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de<span class="_ _e"> </span>based<span class="_ _e"> </span>on<span class="_ _e"> </span>a</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">compile-time<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _6"></span>redicate</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y28d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5">if<span class="_ _13"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>statement<span class="_ _e"> </span>forces<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluate<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>branch<span class="_ _a"> </span>at</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y28e ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>(simila<span class="_ _6"></span>rly<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">#if<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>prep<span class="_ _f"></span>ro<span class="_ _b"></span>cessor)</div><div class="t m0 xe he y28f ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y290 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span>sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>==<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="fc0">)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1f he y291 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fca">&quot;hello&quot;<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _35"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">const<span class="_ _c"> </span>char*</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h1a y292 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else</div><div class="t m0 x1f he y293 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _36"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff17">int</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span>never<span class="_ _10"> </span>compiled</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y294 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y295 ffa fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff4">T<span class="_ _4"></span>ernary<span class="_ _d"> </span>(conditional)<span class="_ _a"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator<span class="_ _d"> </span>do<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _a"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>provide<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="ff9">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>variant</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">66/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/if"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:27.350000px;bottom:203.753000px;width:79.728000px;height:11.993000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf49" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="49"><div class="pc pc49 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _19"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff1">Example</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y296 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">fib<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y297 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(n<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _c"> </span>0<span class="_ _10"> </span>||<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>n<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">?<span class="_ _c"> </span>1<span class="_ _10"> </span>:<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>fib(n<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>fib(n<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span>);</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y298 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y299 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y29a ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span>sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>==<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="fc0">)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1f he y29b ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">fib(<span class="fc5">5</span>);</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h1a y29c ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else</div><div class="t m0 x1f he y29d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">fib(<span class="fc5">3</span>);</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y29e ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h12 y29f ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Generated<span class="_ _d"> </span>assembly<span class="_ _1a"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de<span class="_ _d"> </span>(<span class="ffc">x64<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>OS):</div><div class="t m0 xe he y2a0 ffc fs8 fcd sc0 ls0 ws0">main:</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2a1 ffc fs8 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">mov<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fce">eax<span class="fc0">,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">8</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2a2 ffc fs8 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">ret</div><div class="t m0 xf h12 y2a3 ff11 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _6"></span>dvanced<span class="_ _d"> </span>example:<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ffc">C++17<span class="_ _c"> </span>Compile-time<span class="_ _10"> </span>Quick-Sort</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">67/92</div><a class="l" href="https://godbolt.org/z/wtsYKF"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:112.645000px;bottom:-0.641000px;width:138.505000px;height:13.444000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4a"><div class="pc pc4a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _19"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff1">Pitfalls</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y5c ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _13"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">only<span class="_ _e"> </span>wo<span class="_ _f"></span>rks<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">explicit<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff9">if/else<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span>statements</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2a4 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f1()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y18d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(my_constexpr_fun()<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f he y18e ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">1<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y18f ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _15"> </span>return<span class="_ _10"> </span>2.0;<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _c"> </span>error<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>this<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>part<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _c"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 xe he y190 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y2a5 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">else<span class="_ _13"> </span>if<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">branch<span class="_ _a"> </span>requires<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2a6 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f2()<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2a7 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(my_constexpr_fun()<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f he y2a8 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">1<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2a9 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else<span class="_ _10"> </span>if<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(my_constexpr_fun()<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _10"> </span>2</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff17">-&gt;<span class="_ _10"> </span>else<span class="_ _10"> </span>if<span class="_ _c"> </span>constexpr</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2aa ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _3e"> </span>return<span class="_ _c"> </span>2.0;<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error<span class="_ _1b"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>this<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>part<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x7 h1a y2ab ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else</div><div class="t m0 x1f he y2ac ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3L<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2ad ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">68/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4b"><div class="pc pc4b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h19 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::is<span class="_ _10"> </span>constant<span class="_ _8"> </span>evaluated()</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fc0">provides<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="ff5">std::is<span class="_ _8"> </span>constant<span class="_ _8"> </span>evaluated()<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span></span>utilit<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _a"> </span>evaluate<span class="_ _a"> </span>if<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>current</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">function<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>time</div><div class="t m0 xe he y2ae ffd fs8 fcf sc0 ls0 ws0">#include<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="fc6">&lt;type_traits&gt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>std::is_constant_evaluated</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2af ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2b0 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>is_constant_evaluated())</span></div><div class="t m0 x14 he y2b1 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">0<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y235 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2b2 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 xe he y2b3 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(<span class="fc5">3</span>);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>return<span class="_ _c"> </span>0</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2b4 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 xe he y2b5 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(v);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>return<span class="_ _c"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">69/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/is_constant_evaluated"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.884000px;bottom:202.303000px;width:174.134000px;height:16.325000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4c"><div class="pc pc4c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _19"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _54"> </span><span class="ff1">1/2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y5c ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::is<span class="_ _7"> </span>constant<span class="_ _8"> </span>evaluated()<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">has<span class="_ _a"> </span>tw<span class="_ _f"></span>o<span class="_ _e"> </span>problems<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">if<span class="_ _13"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _d"> </span></span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span><span class="fcc">C++23</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">solves:</div><div class="t m0 x44 hd ya7 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(1)<span class="_ _5"> </span>Calling<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">consteval<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>function<span class="_ _a"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _0"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>used<span class="_ _e"> </span>within<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>function<span class="_ _a"> </span>if<span class="_ _e"> </span>it</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2b6 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is<span class="_ _e"> </span>called<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>pa<span class="_ _6"></span>rameter</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2b7 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _c"> </span>}</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2b8 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2b9 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>is_constant_evaluated())<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>it<span class="_ _c"> </span>works<span class="_ _8"> </span>with<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff17">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>consteval</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x14 he y2ba ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">g(n);</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2bb ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2bc ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2bd ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>f(3);<span class="_ _10"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _c"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">70/92</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/if"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:299.180000px;bottom:202.280000px;width:79.727000px;height:16.455000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4d"><div class="pc pc4d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _19"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _54"> </span><span class="ff1">2/2</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hd y43 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(2)<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">if<span class="_ _13"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _13"> </span>(std::is<span class="_ _7"> </span>constant<span class="_ _8"> </span>evaluated())<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>bug<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>ecause<span class="_ _e"> </span>it<span class="_ _e"> </span>is</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y44 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">true</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2be ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2bf ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>is_constant_evaluated())<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>if<span class="_ _10"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _10"> </span>avoids<span class="_ _10"> </span>this<span class="_ _10"> </span>error</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x14 he y2c0 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2c1 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2c2 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2c3 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _10"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2c4 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></div><div class="t m0 x14 he y2c5 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2c6 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2c7 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2c8 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">71/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4e"><div class="pc pc4e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y2c9 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">Keyw<span class="_ _4"></span>o<span class="_ _f"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 x45 h1b y2ca ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><a class="l" href="#pf4e" data-dest-detail='[78,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:129.390000px;width:241.990000px;height:30.110000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4f"><div class="pc pc4f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h16 y2cb ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y2cc ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">is<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>hint<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>avoid<span class="_ _e"> </span>aggressive<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>optimizations</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y2cd ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">involving<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>object</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2ce ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Use<span class="_ _e"> </span>cases:</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y2cf ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffa">Lo<span class="_ _6"></span>w-level<span class="_ _e"> </span>programming<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _c"> </span>driver<span class="_ _a"> </span>development,<span class="_ _e"> </span>interaction<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>assembly<span class="_ _4"></span>,<span class="_ _e"> </span>etc.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2d0 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(fo<span class="_ _6"></span>rce<span class="_ _e"> </span>writing<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecific<span class="_ _e"> </span>memory<span class="_ _a"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation)</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y2d1 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffa">Multi-thread<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogram<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _c"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables<span class="_ _e"> </span>sha<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>et<span class="_ _6"></span>ween<span class="_ _a"> </span>threads/p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _b"></span>cesses<span class="_ _e"> </span>to</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2d2 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">communicate<span class="_ _e"> </span>(don’t<span class="_ _e"> </span>optimize,<span class="_ _e"> </span>dela<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span>up<span class="_ _b"></span>date)</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y2d3 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffa">Benchma<span class="_ _6"></span>rking<span class="_ _55"></span><span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _10"> </span>some<span class="_ _e"> </span>op<span class="_ _0"></span>erations<span class="_ _a"> </span>need<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>optimized<span class="_ _e"> </span>aw<span class="_ _f"></span>ay</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2d4 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _50"> </span><span class="ff9">volatile<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>reads/writes<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _a"> </span>still<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>reordered<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>resp<span class="_ _b"></span>ect<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _a"> </span>non-volatile<span class="_ _a"> </span>ones</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">72/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf50" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="50"><div class="pc pc50 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _f"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _10"> </span>Example</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2d5 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span>follo<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="_ _e"> </span>co<span class="_ _b"></span>de<span class="_ _e"> </span>compiled<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">-O3<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>(full<span class="_ _e"> </span>optimization)<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>without<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">volatile</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2d6 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">could<span class="_ _e"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rk<span class="_ _e"> </span>fine</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2d7 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">1</span>];<span class="_ _35"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>actual<span class="_ _10"> </span>alloction<span class="_ _10"> </span>size<span class="_ _c"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>much</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2d8 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _39"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">pos<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>128<span class="_ _10"> </span>*<span class="_ _c"> </span>1024<span class="_ _10"> </span>/<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>larger,<span class="_ _10"> </span>typically<span class="_ _c"> </span>128<span class="_ _10"> </span>KB</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2d9 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr[pos]<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _56"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//</span></div><div class="t m0 x46 h17 y2d9 ff1a fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">A</span></div><div class="t m0 x1c he y2d9 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">segfault</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">73/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf51" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="51"><div class="pc pc51 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAJCUlEQVR42u3ZsY0UQRCG0W00JawWMZywiAAhbKQzN5cJ4qzJgCA2CAyCIAOsU1uUs3jonBW60YmrZt6LoPS382mmvf/4+QQAAGX8+P7tjRUAAKhGpAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAA8EfLTCsAAFBHRPiSCgBAOSIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAABHt5iA2Y0xjPBcvXcjAFCZL6kAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEA4HW1zLQCAAB1RIQvqQAAlCNSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQDghS0T3TrG8GAAAPv03ie61pdUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgBwTIsJ4CDO22aEWy7ragSAUlpmznLrGMODAQDs03uf5dSI8LsfAIByRCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgDAP7SYAA7ivG1GuOWyrkYAKKVl5iy3jjE8GADAPr33WU6NCL/7AQAoR6QCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAI5sMQEcxHnbjHDLZV2NAFBKy8xZbh1jeDAAgH1677OcGhF+9wMAUI5IBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEA4K8WE8BBnLfNCLdc1tUIAKW0zJzl1jGGBwMA2Kf3PsupEeF3PwAA5YhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAUFvLTCsAAFBHRPiSCgBAOSIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQD4ryyPD3dWAABe0c8vX43AUx8+3bf27u318dfpdL1eDQIAQAm/AYY8Q/gaVrqhAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Deprecation</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fc0">dep<span class="_ _6"></span>recates<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">volatile<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>outside<span class="_ _e"> </span>single<span class="_ _e"> </span>load<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>store<span class="_ _a"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erations</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2da ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2db ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>v<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _c"> </span>one<span class="_ _10"> </span>load</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2dc ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">v<span class="_ _35"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>one<span class="_ _10"> </span>store</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2dd ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">v<span class="_ _57"> </span><span class="fc5">+=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>deprecated,<span class="_ _10"> </span>load<span class="_ _10"> </span>+<span class="_ _c"> </span>store</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2de ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">f<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _c"> </span>{}<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>deprecated,<span class="_ _10"> </span>volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span>return<span class="_ _c"> </span>value</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2df ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g1<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{}<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>deprecated,<span class="_ _c"> </span>volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span>argument</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2e0 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">g2<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{}<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2e1 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x34 he y2e2 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>deprecated,<span class="_ _10"> </span>volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span>data<span class="_ _10"> </span>member</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2e3 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">74/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf52" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="52"><div class="pc pc52 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y20d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Explicit<span class="_ _1"> </span>T<span class="_ _58"></span>yp<span class="_ _0"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 xd h2 y20e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Conversion</div><a class="l" href="#pf52" data-dest-detail='[82,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:149.618000px;width:241.993000px;height:24.025000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf52" data-dest-detail='[82,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:120.066000px;width:125.570000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf53" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="53"><div class="pc pc53 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast<span class="_ _59"> </span><span class="ff1">1/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2e4 ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">converts<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _0"></span>et<span class="_ _f"></span>ween<span class="_ _a"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>erforms<span class="_ _a"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>(not<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time)<span class="_ _e"> </span>type</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2e5 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">check</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2e6 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">It<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>equivalent<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">old<span class="_ _7"> </span>style<span class="_ _e"> </span>cast<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">(T)<span class="_ _13"> </span>var<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span>or<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">T(var)<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">value<span class="_ _e"> </span>semantic</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2e7 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>6</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2e8 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>(</span>short<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>a;<span class="_ _39"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _10"> </span>can<span class="_ _10"> </span>issue<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>warning<span class="_ _10"> </span>without</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2e9 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span>short<span class="ffc fc0">(a);<span class="_ _4d"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2ea ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b3<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">static_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(a);</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2eb ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">long<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _5a"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>needed</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">75/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf54" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="54"><div class="pc pc54 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast<span class="_ _59"> </span><span class="ff1">2/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hd y5c ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">prevents<span class="_ _a"> </span>accidental/unsafe<span class="_ _e"> </span>conversions<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>etw<span class="_ _f"></span>een<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span>types,</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">esp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecially<span class="_ _e"> </span>across<span class="_ _e"> </span>classes<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>hiera<span class="_ _6"></span>rchy</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2ec ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">a<span class="_ _15"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>char<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>]{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">4</span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y142 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _15"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>a;<span class="_ _29"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2ed ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>b[<span class="fc5">0</span>];<span class="_ _25"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>print<span class="_ _10"> </span>67305985,<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>1!!</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hf y2ee ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int*<span class="_ _10"> </span>c<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>static_cast&lt;int*&gt;(a);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>unsafe<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 x44 hd y2ef ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">also<span class="_ _e"> </span>prevents<span class="_ _a"> </span>accidental/unsafe<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">const<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>conversions</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2f0 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">a<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">char<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2f1 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span>a;<span class="_ _4e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hf y2f2 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//char*<span class="_ _1b"> </span>c<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>static_cast&lt;char*&gt;(a);<span class="_ _c"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>unsafe<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">76/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf55" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="55"><div class="pc pc55 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAJPklEQVR42u3bMW4TQRSAYS+aEdUoZ0BUPgEClCIFEg0FXe7hQ9C75hARBW2KUKBcIA03oIpeE8ZETh2BkGWTMI/9vnKr5zdb/Nr1Ts9fvF4AAMAwvn398sQWAAAYjUgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAAUilWsIuri/PfXl8en1gOAIBI/TfEKADAY/K6HwAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAABxm6r3bAgAA46i1epIKAMBwRCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAPLKSaNaIcGBDaa1ZAgDwEDxJBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAB/VqxgHD9vb1+9e//r9cvPnywHAJiVqfeeZdaIcGBDaa1ZAgDw19Vave4HAGA4IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAAIfK9HU/AABz4Ot+AABGJFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFACCZkmjWiHBgAAD7aa0lmtaTVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARKoVAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAYDDFCoBEbjab0/XaHnZ0tlpZApDU1HvPMmtEODAAgP201rKMWmv1uh8AgOGIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAJiZYgVAIjebzel6bQ87OlutLAFIauq9Z5k1IhwYAMB+WmtZRq21et0PAMBwRCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAA6V6et+AADmwNf9AACMSKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAEAyxQoeTkTM7Se31py7O8c9DMDhPEkFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAYytZBl0en4wwxtXFuZsGAECkqkMAgNmZeu+2AADAOGqt/pMKAMBwRCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAHBPuf7wzBYAgP/P9zcfLSGp5cu303T0dHv9Y7HYbrcWAgDAEO4AMDZWALlYqp4AAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast<span class="_ _59"> </span><span class="ff1">3/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hd y5c ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">prevents<span class="_ _a"> </span>accidental/unsafe<span class="_ _e"> </span>conversions<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>etw<span class="_ _f"></span>een<span class="_ _e"> </span>unrelated<span class="_ _e"> </span>classes</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2a4 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{};</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y18d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">B<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">:<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span>{};</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y18e ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">C<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{};</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y190 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _3e"> </span>a;</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y191 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">B<span class="_ _3e"> </span>b;</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y192 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(A<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span>b;<span class="_ _57"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y193 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(C<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span>a;<span class="_ _57"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y194 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x3<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(C<span class="fc5">*</span>)<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">&amp;</span>a;<span class="_ _4e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y195 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x4<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>static_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;<span class="fc0">A</span>&amp;&gt;<span class="fc0">(b);<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hf y1a5 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//auto<span class="_ _10"> </span>x5<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>static_cast&lt;C<span class="ff17">&amp;</span>&gt;(a);<span class="_ _1"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>unsafe<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 x44 hf y196 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//auto<span class="_ _10"> </span>x6<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>static_cast&lt;C*&gt;(<span class="ff17">&amp;</span>a);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>unsafe<span class="_ _10"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2f3 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff9">(T&amp;)<span class="_ _13"> </span>v<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>equal<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">*((T*)<span class="_ _13"> </span>&amp;v)</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">77/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf56" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="56"><div class="pc pc56 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h19 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y2f4 ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">can<span class="_ _e"> </span>add<span class="_ _e"> </span>or<span class="_ _a"> </span>cast<span class="_ _e"> </span>aw<span class="_ _f"></span>ay<span class="_ _a"> </span>(remove)<span class="_ _e"> </span>constness<span class="_ _e"> </span>or<span class="_ _a"> </span>volatility</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2f5 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2f6 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x1<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _c"> </span>ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span>;<span class="_ _4d"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2f7 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x2<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>(</span><span class="fc4">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _c"> </span>ptr;<span class="_ _4d"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2f8 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x3<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>const_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*&gt;<span class="fc0">(ptr);<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hf y2f9 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//auto<span class="_ _1b"> </span>x4<span class="_ _15"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>const_cast&lt;char*&gt;(ptr);<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffe">compile<span class="_ _1a"> </span>error<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>unsafe<span class="_ _c"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2fa ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>5</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2fb ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(a)<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>but<span class="_ _10"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _10"> </span>behavior</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2fc ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _5b"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>5</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2fd ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span>volatile<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(b)<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">78/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf57" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="57"><div class="pc pc57 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h19 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">reinterpret<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff9 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">reinterpret<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">allows<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>subset<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>unsafe<span class="_ _e"> </span>conversion:</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd y2fe ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">b<span class="_ _b"></span>etw<span class="_ _f"></span>een<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointers/references<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>different<span class="_ _e"> </span>type<span class="_ _e"> </span>with<span class="_ _e"> </span>same<span class="_ _e"> </span>constness</span></div><div class="t m0 xf hd ya7 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">b<span class="_ _b"></span>etw<span class="_ _f"></span>een<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointers<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>integer<span class="_ _e"> </span>types</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2ff ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>3.0f</span>;<span class="_ _5b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>bits:<span class="_ _10"> </span>01000000010000000000000000000000</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y300 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;&gt;<span class="fc0">(b);<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>bits:<span class="_ _10"> </span>01000000010000000000000000000000</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y301 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _3b"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y302 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//reinterpret_cast&lt;int*&gt;(ptr);<span class="_ _16"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _c"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y303 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">uintptr_t<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">my_int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>uintptr_t<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(ptr);<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y304 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ARRAY<span class="_ _10"> </span>RESHAPING</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y305 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y306 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>b)[<span class="fc5">2</span>][<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>)[<span class="fc5">2</span>][<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="fc5">&gt;</span>(a);</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y307 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">*</span>c)[<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">*</span>)[<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="fc5">&gt;</span>(a);</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">79/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf58" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="58"><div class="pc pc58 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>ype<span class="_ _10"> </span>Punning<span class="_ _5c"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y308 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _7"> </span>Aliasing</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y309 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">One<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _b"></span>ointer<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">aliases<span class="_ _e"> </span></span>another<span class="_ _e"> </span>when<span class="_ _e"> </span>they<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>oth<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>oint<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>same<span class="_ _e"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _e"> </span>lo<span class="_ _b"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y30a ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _7"> </span>Punning</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y30b ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _7"> </span>punning<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">refers<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _7"> </span>circumvent<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>system<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogramming<span class="_ _e"> </span>language<span class="_ _e"> </span>to</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hd y30c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">achieve<span class="_ _a"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>effect<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>ould<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>difficult<span class="_ _a"> </span>or<span class="_ _a"> </span>imp<span class="_ _b"></span>ossible<span class="_ _a"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>achieve<span class="_ _a"> </span>within<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>ounds<span class="_ _e"> </span>of</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y30d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the<span class="_ _e"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>rmal<span class="_ _e"> </span>language</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y30e ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _a"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _a"> </span>assumes<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1d">strict<span class="_ _7"> </span>aliasing<span class="_ _e"> </span>rule<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">is<span class="_ _a"> </span>never<span class="_ _e"> </span>violated<span class="_ _55"></span></span></span>:<span class="_ _10"> </span>Acce<span class="_ _6"></span>ssing<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>value</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y30f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">using<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _a"> </span>type<span class="_ _e"> </span>which<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>different<span class="_ _a"> </span>from<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>original<span class="_ _d"> </span>one<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>ed<span class="_ _a"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>it<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>classified<span class="_ _a"> </span>as</div><div class="t m0 x1 h15 y310 ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">undefined<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>ehavio<span class="_ _6"></span>r</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">80/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf59" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="59"><div class="pc pc59 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>ype<span class="_ _10"> </span>Punning<span class="_ _5c"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y296 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>slow<span class="_ _10"> </span>without<span class="_ _c"> </span>optimizations.<span class="_ _10"> </span>The<span class="_ _10"> </span>branch<span class="_ _10"> </span>breaks<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>CPU<span class="_ _c"> </span>instruction<span class="_ _10"> </span>pipeline</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y297 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">abs<span class="fc0">(</span></span>float<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y298 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _c"> </span>0.0f</span>)<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">?<span class="_ _10"> </span>-</span>x<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">:<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>x;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y311 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y299 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>optimized<span class="_ _10"> </span>with<span class="_ _c"> </span>bitwise<span class="_ _10"> </span>operation</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y29a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc3">abs<span class="fc0">(</span></span>float<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _c"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y29b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">uvalue<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>unsigned<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;&gt;<span class="fc0">(x);</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y29c ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">tmp<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>uvalue<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span>0x7FFFFFFF</span>;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>clear<span class="_ _c"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>last<span class="_ _10"> </span>bit</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y29d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _10"> </span>reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span><span class="fc4">float<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;&gt;<span class="fc0">(tmp);</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y29e ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y312 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>this<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _c"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _10"> </span>behavior!!</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y313 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">GCC<span class="_ _d"> </span>wa<span class="_ _6"></span>rning<span class="_ _d"> </span>(not<span class="_ _a"> </span>clang):<span class="_ _50"> </span><span class="ff9">-Wstrict-aliasing</span></div><div class="t m0 x47 h12 y314 ff1e fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffc">blog.qt.io/blog/2011/06/10/type-punning-and-strict-aliasing</span></div><div class="t m0 x47 h12 y315 ff1e fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffc">What<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _c"> </span>Strict<span class="_ _10"> </span>Aliasing<span class="_ _10"> </span>Rule<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>Why<span class="_ _c"> </span>do<span class="_ _10"> </span>we<span class="_ _10"> </span>care?</span></div><div class="t m0 x47 h12 y316 ff1e fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffc">Type<span class="_ _10"> </span>Punning<span class="_ _10"> </span>In<span class="_ _c"> </span>C++17</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">81/92</div><a class="l" href="https://blog.qt.io/blog/2011/06/10/type-punning-and-strict-aliasing/"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.168000px;bottom:27.611000px;width:279.726000px;height:10.212000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://gist.github.com/shafik/848ae25ee209f698763cffee272a58f8"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.168000px;bottom:13.016000px;width:246.775000px;height:9.365000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CppCon/CppCon2017/master/Presentations/Type%20Punning%20In%20C%2B%2B17%20-%20Avoiding%20Pun-defined%20Behavior/Type%20Punning%20In%20C%2B%2B17%20-%20Avoiding%20Pun-defined%20Behavior%20-%20Scott%20Schurr%20-%20CppCon%202017.pdf"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.168000px;bottom:-1.580000px;width:100.847000px;height:9.366000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5a"><div class="pc pc5a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h19 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::bit<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span>right<span class="_ _e"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>avoid<span class="_ _e"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>ehavior<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>using<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff5">memcpy</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y317 ffd fs8 fcf sc0 ls0 ws0">#include<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="fc6">&lt;cstring&gt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>std::memcpy</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y318 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span>32.3f</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y319 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v2;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y31a ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std<span class="fc5">::</span>memcpy(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>v2,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">&amp;</span>v1,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span>(<span class="ff5 fc4">float</span>));</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y31b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Problems:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff9">memcpy<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>unsafe<span class="_ _e"> </span>if<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>variables<span class="_ _a"> </span>have<span class="_ _e"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>same<span class="_ _e"> </span>size<span class="_ _e"> </span>or<span class="_ _a"> </span>are<span class="_ _a"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ffa">trivially</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y31c ffa fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cop<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _6"></span>able<span class="ff4">.<span class="_ _c"> </span>Also,<span class="_ _a"> </span>it<span class="_ _e"> </span>do<span class="_ _b"></span>esn’t<span class="_ _e"> </span>wo<span class="_ _f"></span>rk<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>(<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff9">constexpr<span class="_ _1a"> </span></span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y31d ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5 fc0">std::bit<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _f"></span>rovides<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _7"> </span>safe<span class="_ _e"> </span>alternative<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9">reinterpret<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>and</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 hd y31e ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">memcpy<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">that<span class="_ _e"> </span>also<span class="_ _7"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rks<span class="_ _e"> </span>at<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y31f ffd fs8 fcf sc0 ls0 ws0">#include<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="fc6">&lt;bit&gt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>std::bit_cast</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y320 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">float<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>32.3f</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y321 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">unsigned<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v2<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>std<span class="fc5">::</span>bit_cast<span class="fc5">&lt;</span></span>unsigned<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(v1);</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">82/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5b"><div class="pc pc5b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAJM0lEQVR42u3bsW0UURSG0R00V0RPrgERuQKEEIEDJJewfUwR5BNTxHZAAAEdkNABkfWS5U6wBEgUMONdv7d7TgH21T8OPs3Iw9t3H3YAANCMXz++v7ICAACtEakAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAPw3ZKYVAABoR0R4kwoAQHNEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAA4j9EE3I5a6wV+SynF1ACwkTepAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAEBThsy0AgAA7YgIb1IBAGiOSAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAgGc2dnRrrdUDAwBYp5TS0bXepAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAABNGE0AWxyXZT/PdrikwzQZAeDqDZnZy621Vg8MAGCdUkovp0aEz/0AADRHpAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAMCNGU0AWxyXZT/PdrikwzQZAeDqDZnZy621Vg8MAGCdUkovp0aEz/0AADRHpAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEA4KWMJoAtjsuyn2c7XNJhmowAcPWGzOzl1lqrBwYAsE4ppZdTI8LnfgAAmiNSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgDAeY0mgC2Oy7KfZztc0mGajABw9YbM7OXWWqsHBgCwTimll1Mjwud+AACaI1IBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAALBVT//dDwDALfDf/QAAtEikAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABu2djLofcfH873w39+++pPAQCgHUNmWgEAgHZEhM/9AAA0R6QCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAz2p8+vzGCgAAL+73py9G+Of+/eMw3L0+Pf3Z7U6nk0EAAGjCX8I2VfbqW9v0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unifo<span class="_ _f"></span>rm<span class="_ _10"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _8"> </span>Conversion</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff1">na<span class="_ _6"></span>rro<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="_ _7"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">o<span class="_ _b"></span>ccurs<span class="_ _e"> </span>when<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>destination<span class="_ _e"> </span>type<span class="_ _e"> </span>may<span class="_ _a"> </span>not<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>able<span class="_ _e"> </span>to</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">rep<span class="_ _6"></span>resent<span class="_ _e"> </span>all<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>values<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>source<span class="_ _e"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5e ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Brace<span class="_ _7"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff16">{}<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4 fcc">C++11<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="fc0">disallows<span class="_ _a"> </span>narro<span class="_ _f"></span>wing<span class="_ _e"> </span>conversions</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y322 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>RUN-TIME<span class="_ _10"> </span>VALUES</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y323 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y324 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">long<span class="_ _10"> </span>long<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x1{a};<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y325 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//unsigned<span class="_ _15"> </span>x2{a};<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>could<span class="_ _c"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>negative</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y326 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//float<span class="_ _1b"> </span>x3{a};<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>could<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>representable<span class="_ _10"> </span>with<span class="_ _c"> </span>float</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y327 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">double<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y328 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//long<span class="_ _10"> </span>long<span class="_ _10"> </span>x4{b};<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _c"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>b<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>could<span class="_ _10"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>number<span class="_ _10"> </span>with<span class="_ _10"> </span>decimals</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y329 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//float<span class="_ _1b"> </span>x5{b};<span class="_ _15"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>b<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>could<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>representable<span class="_ _10"> </span>with<span class="_ _c"> </span>float</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y32a ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">gcc<span class="_ _e"> </span>issues<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rning<span class="_ _e"> </span>instead<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>error<span class="_ _a"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>nar<span class="_ _6"></span>rowing<span class="_ _a"> </span>conversions</div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">83/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5c"><div class="pc pc5c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unifo<span class="_ _f"></span>rm<span class="_ _10"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _8"> </span>Conversion</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y296 ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>COMPILE-TIME<span class="_ _10"> </span>VALUES</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y297 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>3</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y298 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x6{c};<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y299 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">d<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>-1</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y29a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x7{d};<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>d<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>negative</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y29c ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">float<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">e<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>4</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y29d ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int<span class="_ _39"> </span>x8{e};<span class="_ _10"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>float<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>cannot<span class="_ _10"> </span>be<span class="_ _10"> </span>narrowed<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>int<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y312 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">double<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>std<span class="fc5">::</span>numbers<span class="fc5">::</span>pi_v<span class="fc5">&lt;</span></span>double<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff1f">π<span class="_ _b"></span></span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++20<span class="_ _c"> </span>&lt;numbers&gt;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y32b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _4d"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x9{f};<span class="_ _26"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y32c ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc4">double<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">g<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>1e+40</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y32d ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//float<span class="_ _2a"> </span>x10{g};<span class="_ _c"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span>compile<span class="_ _10"> </span>error,<span class="_ _10"> </span>too<span class="_ _10"> </span>large<span class="_ _c"> </span>for<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>float<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">84/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5d"><div class="pc pc5d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h19 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">gls::narrow<span class="_ _10"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x2 h13 y80 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y32e ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">Guidelines<span class="_ _13"> </span>Support<span class="_ _13"> </span>Library<span class="_ _13"> </span>(GSL)<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span></span>contains<span class="_ _e"> </span>functions<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>types<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>are</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y32f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">suggested<span class="_ _e"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>use<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff9">C++<span class="_ _13"> </span>Core<span class="_ _13"> </span>Guidelines<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1b fs9"><span class="_ _e"> </span></span></span>maintained<span class="_ _e"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>Standa<span class="_ _6"></span>rd<span class="_ _e"> </span>C++</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y330 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">F<span class="_ _6"></span>oundation</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y331 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">GLS<span class="_ _e"> </span>offers<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5">narrow<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>eration<span class="_ _e"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecifying<span class="_ _e"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>na<span class="_ _6"></span>rro<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>acceptable<span class="_ _e"> </span>and<span class="_ _e"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 x44 hd y332 ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">narrow<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">(“narro<span class="_ _f"></span>w<span class="_ _e"> </span>if<span class="_ _55"></span>”)<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>throws<span class="_ _a"> </span>an<span class="_ _e"> </span>exception<span class="_ _e"> </span>if<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>na<span class="_ _6"></span>rrowing<span class="_ _a"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>ould<span class="_ _e"> </span>thro<span class="_ _6"></span>w<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _e"> </span>legal</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y333 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">values</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y334 ffd fs8 fcf sc0 ls0 ws0">#<span class="_ _5d"> </span>include<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="fc6">&lt;gsl/gsl&gt;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y335 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">double<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span>1.1</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y336 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>gsl<span class="fc5">::</span>narrow_cast<span class="fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(d);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _10"> </span>narrowing:<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>becomes<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y337 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _c"> </span></span>gsl<span class="fc5">::</span>narrow<span class="fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(d);<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _10"> </span>throws<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>narrowing_error<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">85/92</div><a class="l" href="https://github.com/microsoft/GSL/tree/main"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:48.896000px;bottom:203.133000px;width:194.272000px;height:11.993000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:141.380000px;bottom:187.855000px;width:119.818000px;height:11.689000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5e"><div class="pc pc5e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y32 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">Op<span class="_ _0"></span>erato<span class="_ _4"></span>r</span></div><a class="l" href="#pf5e" data-dest-detail='[94,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:132.432000px;width:190.546000px;height:24.026000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5f"><div class="pc pc5f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h16 y14a ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y338 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">sizeof<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _e"> </span>op<span class="_ _b"></span>erator<span class="_ _a"> </span>that<span class="_ _e"> </span>determines<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>size,<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>bytes,<span class="_ _a"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 xe hd y339 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _e"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>data<span class="_ _e"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 x30 hd y33a ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">sizeof<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">returns<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _7"> </span>value<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff9">size<span class="_ _7"> </span>t</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd y33b ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">sizeof(anything)<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">never<span class="_ _e"> </span>returns<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>0<span class="_ _e"> </span><span class="ff4">(<span class="ff1">*</span>except<span class="_ _e"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _e"> </span>arra<span class="_ _f"></span>ys<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>size<span class="_ _e"> </span>0)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd y33c ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">sizeof(char)<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">alwa<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _a"> </span>returns<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff9">1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd y33d ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">When<span class="_ _e"> </span>applied<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>structures,<span class="_ _e"> </span>it<span class="_ _e"> </span>also<span class="_ _e"> </span>tak<span class="_ _6"></span>es<span class="_ _e"> </span>into<span class="_ _e"> </span>account<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>internal<span class="_ _e"> </span>padding</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd y33e ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">When<span class="_ _e"> </span>applied<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>reference,<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>result<span class="_ _e"> </span>is<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>size<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>the<span class="_ _e"> </span>referenced<span class="_ _e"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd y33f ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">sizeof(incomplete<span class="_ _13"> </span>type)<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">produces<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>error,<span class="_ _a"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span></span>void</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 hd y340 ffb fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff9">sizeof(bitfield<span class="_ _13"> </span>member)<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">produces<span class="_ _e"> </span>compile<span class="_ _e"> </span>error</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf h12 y341 ff1 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">*<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="ffc">gcc<span class="_ _19"> </span><span class="ff11">allows<span class="_ _1a"> </span>arra<span class="_ _f"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>size<span class="_ _d"> </span>0<span class="_ _d"> </span>(not<span class="_ _d"> </span>allow<span class="_ _f"></span>ed<span class="_ _d"> </span>by<span class="_ _1a"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>C++<span class="_ _d"> </span>standard)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">86/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf60" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="60"><div class="pc pc60 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _10"> </span>P<span class="_ _f"></span>ointer<span class="_ _5e"> </span>1/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y296 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>4<span class="_ _10"> </span>bytes</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y297 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="_ _10"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _c"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _10"> </span>OS</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y298 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="_ _10"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _c"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _10"> </span>OS</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y311 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">size_t<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="_ _c"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _10"> </span>on<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _10"> </span>OS</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h11 y342 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff9 fc3">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff9 fc0">array[])<span class="_ _13"> </span>{<span class="_ _5f"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>dangerous!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x34 h11 y343 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array);</div><div class="t m0 x44 h11 y344 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x44 h11 y345 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _43"> </span><span class="ff9 fc0">array1[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h11 y346 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ff9 fc5">*<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc0">array2<span class="_ _13"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _13"> </span></span>int<span class="ff9 fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h11 y347 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array1);<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>sizeof(int)<span class="_ _13"> </span>*<span class="_ _13"> </span>10<span class="_ _13"> </span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span>40<span class="_ _13"> </span>bytes</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h11 y348 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array2);<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>sizeof(int*)<span class="_ _13"> </span>=<span class="_ _13"> </span>8<span class="_ _13"> </span>bytes</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h11 y349 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(array1);<span class="_ _60"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _13"> </span>8<span class="_ _13"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _13"> </span>(64-bit<span class="_ _13"> </span>OS)</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">87/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf61" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="61"><div class="pc pc61 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>struct<span class="_ _61"> </span><span class="ff1">2/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y34a ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y34b ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">x;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>4-byte<span class="_ _7"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y34c ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">y;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>4</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y34d ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y34e ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ff19 fc0">(A);<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>8<span class="_ _7"> </span>bytes:<span class="_ _8"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _8"> </span>(+<span class="_ _7"> </span>3<span class="_ _8"> </span>padding),<span class="_ _8"> </span>must<span class="_ _8"> </span>be<span class="_ _8"> </span>aligned<span class="_ _8"> </span>to<span class="_ _7"> </span>its<span class="_ _8"> </span>largest<span class="_ _8"> </span>member</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y34f ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc3">B<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y350 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _27"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">x;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>0<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>4-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y351 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">y;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>1-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y352 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">z;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>6<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>2-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y353 ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y354 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ff19 fc0">(B);<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>8<span class="_ _7"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _8"> </span>:<span class="_ _8"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _7"> </span>(+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _8"> </span>padding)<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y355 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc3">C<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y356 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">z;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>0<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>2-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y357 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _27"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">x;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>4-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h14 y358 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _17"> </span><span class="ff19 fc0">y;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>8<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>1-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y359 ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x44 h14 y35a ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ff19 fc0">(C);<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>12<span class="_ _7"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _8"> </span>:<span class="_ _8"> </span>2<span class="_ _8"> </span>(+<span class="_ _8"> </span>2<span class="_ _7"> </span>padding)<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _7"> </span>(+<span class="_ _8"> </span>3<span class="_ _8"> </span>padding)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">88/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf62" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="62"><div class="pc pc62 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _10"> </span>Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Array<span class="_ _62"> </span>3/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y35b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a;</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y35c ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc0">a;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y35d ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>a);<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="_ _10"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _c"> </span>in<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _10"> </span>OS<span class="_ _10"> </span>(pointer)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y35e ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(b);<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>1<span class="_ _10"> </span>byte,<span class="_ _10"> </span>equal<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizeof(char)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd he y35f ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>NOTE:<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _c"> </span>reference<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>not<span class="_ _10"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>pointer</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y360 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">S1<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y361 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">p;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y362 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y363 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(S1);<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="_ _10"> </span>bytes</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y364 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">S2<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y365 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc0">c;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y366 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y367 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(S2);<span class="_ _1b"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>8<span class="_ _10"> </span>bytes,<span class="_ _c"> </span>same<span class="_ _10"> </span>as<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizeof(void*)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y368 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(S2{}.c);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>1<span class="_ _c"> </span>byte</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">89/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf63" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="63"><div class="pc pc63 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _10"> </span>Sp<span class="_ _b"></span>ecial<span class="_ _8"> </span>Cases<span class="_ _38"> </span>4/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y369 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{};</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y36a ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(A);<span class="_ _3e"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _c"> </span>1<span class="_ _10"> </span>:<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizeof<span class="_ _10"> </span>never<span class="_ _10"> </span>return<span class="_ _c"> </span>0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y36b ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _10"> </span>array1[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y36c ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(array1);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>10<span class="_ _c"> </span>:<span class="_ _10"> </span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>empty<span class="_ _10"> </span>structures</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y36d ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array2[<span class="fc5">0</span>];<span class="_ _15"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>C++<span class="_ _c"> </span>doesn<span class="ff18">&apos;</span>t<span class="_ _10"> </span>allow<span class="_ _10"> </span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>size<span class="_ _10"> </span>0,<span class="_ _c"> </span>as<span class="_ _10"> </span>opposed<span class="_ _10"> </span>to<span class="_ _10"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd he y36e ffd fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>only<span class="_ _10"> </span>gcc,<span class="_ _c"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _10"> </span>error<span class="_ _10"> </span>for<span class="_ _10"> </span>other<span class="_ _10"> </span>compilers</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y36f ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(array2);<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>0<span class="_ _c"> </span>:<span class="_ _10"> </span>special<span class="_ _10"> </span>case</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">90/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf64" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="64"><div class="pc pc64 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[no<span class="_ _10"> </span>unique<span class="_ _8"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _63"> </span><span class="ff1">5/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5c ff4 fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5 fc0">[[no<span class="_ _8"> </span>unique<span class="_ _8"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">allows<span class="_ _a"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>structure<span class="_ _e"> </span>memb<span class="_ _b"></span>er<span class="_ _e"> </span>to<span class="_ _7"> </span>b<span class="_ _b"></span>e<span class="_ _e"> </span>overlapp<span class="_ _b"></span>ed<span class="_ _e"> </span>with</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">other<span class="_ _e"> </span>data<span class="_ _e"> </span>memb<span class="_ _b"></span>ers<span class="_ _e"> </span>of<span class="_ _e"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"> </span>different<span class="_ _e"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _b"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2ec ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">Empty<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{};<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>empty<span class="_ _10"> </span>class,<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizeof(Empty)<span class="_ _10"> </span>==<span class="_ _10"> </span>1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 he y2ed ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">A<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="_ _41"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizeof(A)<span class="_ _10"> </span>==<span class="_ _c"> </span>5<span class="_ _10"> </span>(4<span class="_ _10"> </span>+<span class="_ _10"> </span>1)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2ee ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y370 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Empty<span class="_ _10"> </span>e;</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y371 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y372 ff5 fs8 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc3">B<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="_ _41"> </span><span class="ffd fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>sizeof(B)<span class="_ _10"> </span>==<span class="_ _c"> </span>4,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>e<span class="ff18">&apos;<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>overlaps<span class="_ _10"> </span>with<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff18">&apos;</span>i<span class="ff18">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y373 ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y374 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[no_unique_address]]<span class="_ _10"> </span>Empty<span class="_ _10"> </span>e;</div><div class="t m0 x44 he y375 ffc fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y376 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Notes:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff9">[[no<span class="_ _8"> </span>unique<span class="_ _7"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>ignored<span class="_ _a"> </span>by<span class="_ _a"> </span>MSVC<span class="_ _a"> </span>even<span class="_ _e"> </span>in<span class="_ _e"> </span>C++20<span class="_ _e"> </span>mo<span class="_ _b"></span>de;<span class="_ _e"> </span>instead,</div><div class="t m0 x44 hd y377 ff9 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[msvc::no<span class="_ _7"> </span>unique<span class="_ _8"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff4">is<span class="_ _a"> </span>provided</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">91/92</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf65" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="65"><div class="pc pc65 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">and<span class="_ _10"> </span>Size<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>a<span class="_ _10"> </span>Byte</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y378 ff12 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Interesting:<span class="_ _c"> </span>C++<span class="_ _7"> </span>do<span class="_ _b"></span>es<span class="_ _7"> </span>not<span class="_ _7"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _7"> </span>define<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _7"> </span>size<span class="_ _7"> </span>of<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _7"> </span>byte<span class="_ _e"> </span>(see<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff9 fs4">Exotic</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y379 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">architectures<span class="_ _c"> </span>the<span class="_ _5"> </span>standards<span class="_ _c"> </span>committees<span class="_ _c"> </span>care<span class="_ _5"> </span>about<span class="ff12 fs3">)</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y13 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">92/92</div><a class="l" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6971886/exotic-architectures-the-standards-committees-care-about"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:352.431000px;bottom:124.362000px;width:73.762000px;height:13.948000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6971886/exotic-architectures-the-standards-committees-care-about"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:27.350000px;bottom:108.322000px;width:258.281000px;height:13.948000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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