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Federico 3fd98c1eba Release v1.7.0
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<ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf7" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Heap and Stack</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pfc" data-dest-detail='[12,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Stack Memory</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pff" data-dest-detail='[15,"XYZ",28.346,183.092,null]'>new, delete</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf16" data-dest-detail='[22,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Non-Allocating Placement Allocation </a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf18" data-dest-detail='[24,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Non-Throwing Allocation </a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf19" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Memory Leak</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf1b" data-dest-detail='[27,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Initialization</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf1c" data-dest-detail='[28,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Variable Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf1d" data-dest-detail='[29,"XYZ",28.346,221.694,null]'>Uniform Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf1f" data-dest-detail='[31,"XYZ",28.346,221.831,null]'>Array Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf21" data-dest-detail='[33,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Structure Initialization</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf26" data-dest-detail='[38,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Dynamic Memory Initialization</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf28" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Pointers and References</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf29" data-dest-detail='[41,"XYZ",28.346,225.482,null]'>Pointer Operations</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf30" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",28.346,190.88,null]'>Address-of operator &amp;</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf33" data-dest-detail='[51,"XYZ",28.346,207.284,null]'>Reference</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Constants, Literals, const, constexpr, consteval, constinit</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf3b" data-dest-detail='[59,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>Constants and Literals</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf3c" data-dest-detail='[60,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>const</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf40" data-dest-detail='[64,"XYZ",28.346,201.854,null]'>constexpr</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf45" data-dest-detail='[69,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>consteval</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf46" data-dest-detail='[70,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>constinit</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf47" data-dest-detail='[71,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>if constexpr</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf4a" data-dest-detail='[74,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>std::is_constant_evaluated()</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf4b" data-dest-detail='[75,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>if consteval</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf4d" data-dest-detail='[77,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>volatile Keyword </a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf50" data-dest-detail='[80,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>Explicit Type Conversion</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf51" data-dest-detail='[81,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>static_cast, const_cast, reinterpret_cast</a></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf54" data-dest-detail='[84,"XYZ",28.346,216.766,null]'>Type Punning</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="l" href="#pf57" data-dest-detail='[87,"XYZ",28.346,255.118,null]'>sizeof Operator</a><ul><li><a class="l" href="#pf5d" data-dest-detail='[93,"XYZ",28.346,228.21,null]'>[[no_unique_address]]</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
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<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y8 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">Heap<span class="_ _5"> </span>and<span class="_ _a"> </span>Stack</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y9 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _b"> </span>Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 ya ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>delete</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yb ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cating<span class="_ _b"> </span>Placement<span class="_ _b"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 yc ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yd ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Thro<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="_ _b"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 ye ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yf ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _b"> </span>Leak</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1/86</div><a class="l" href="#pf7" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:159.744000px;width:107.177000px;height:14.745000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pfc" data-dest-detail='[12,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:141.393000px;width:62.294000px;height:10.849000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pff" data-dest-detail='[15,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:122.882000px;width:55.154000px;height:9.416000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf16" data-dest-detail='[22,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:102.988000px;width:167.249000px;height:12.349000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf18" data-dest-detail='[24,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:83.785000px;width:117.822000px;height:12.349000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf19" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:64.582000px;width:58.558000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y8 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">Initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y9 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">V<span class="_ _6"></span>ariable<span class="_ _b"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 ya ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unifo<span class="_ _6"></span>rm<span class="_ _b"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yb ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _b"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yd ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _b"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 yf ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _b"> </span>Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _b"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2/86</div><a class="l" href="#pf1b" data-dest-detail='[27,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:160.707000px;width:82.550000px;height:13.782000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf1c" data-dest-detail='[28,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:143.331000px;width:89.761000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf1d" data-dest-detail='[29,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:124.128000px;width:89.802000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf1f" data-dest-detail='[31,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:102.988000px;width:78.912000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf21" data-dest-detail='[33,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:85.722000px;width:95.046000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf26" data-dest-detail='[38,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:64.582000px;width:129.887000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y11 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointers<span class="_ _a"> </span>and<span class="_ _a"> </span>References</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y12 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>Op<span class="_ _c"></span>erations</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y13 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _6"></span>ddress-of<span class="_ _b"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff5">&amp;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y14 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3/86</div><a class="l" href="#pf28" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:140.536000px;width:160.601000px;height:13.781000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf29" data-dest-detail='[41,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:121.222000px;width:80.642000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf30" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:102.019000px;width:92.202000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf33" data-dest-detail='[51,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:84.753000px;width:42.161000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y15 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">4<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">Constants,<span class="_ _a"> </span>Literals,<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff5">const</span>,<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr</span>,<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff5">consteval</span>,</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hb y16 ff5 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y17 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Constants<span class="_ _b"> </span>and<span class="_ _b"> </span>Literals</div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y18 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">const</div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y19 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval</div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit</div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y1c ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _a"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y1d ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::is<span class="_ _7"> </span>constant<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluated()</div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y1e ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _a"> </span>consteval</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4/86</div><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:193.223000px;width:379.117000px;height:15.062000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:27.350000px;bottom:175.707000px;width:89.504000px;height:10.888000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3b" data-dest-detail='[59,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:156.504000px;width:95.170000px;height:8.911000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3c" data-dest-detail='[60,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:137.301000px;width:28.144000px;height:7.606000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf40" data-dest-detail='[64,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:115.941000px;width:49.066000px;height:9.763000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf45" data-dest-detail='[69,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:98.895000px;width:49.066000px;height:8.170000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf46" data-dest-detail='[70,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:79.692000px;width:49.066000px;height:8.170000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf47" data-dest-detail='[71,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:58.332000px;width:64.757000px;height:10.327000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf4a" data-dest-detail='[74,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:40.477000px;width:145.514000px;height:9.623000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf4b" data-dest-detail='[75,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:22.083000px;width:64.757000px;height:8.170000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>able<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>Contents</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y1f ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="ff5 fs2 fc0">volatile<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ff1">Keyw<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rd</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y20 ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y21 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0">Explicit<span class="_ _a"> </span>T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _a"> </span>Conversion</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y22 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _d"> </span>cast<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>const<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>reinterpret<span class="_ _d"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y23 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>Punning</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y24 ff1 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7<span class="_ _9"> </span><span class="ff5 fs2 fc0">sizeof<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ff1">Op<span class="_ _0"></span>erato<span class="_ _e"></span>r</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hc y25 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[no<span class="_ _d"> </span>unique<span class="_ _7"> </span>address]]</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5/86</div><a class="l" href="#pf4d" data-dest-detail='[77,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:169.095000px;width:139.222000px;height:16.884000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf50" data-dest-detail='[80,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:138.739000px;width:164.474000px;height:14.745000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf51" data-dest-detail='[81,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:120.168000px;width:203.299000px;height:10.328000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf54" data-dest-detail='[84,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:101.186000px;width:60.025000px;height:10.848000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf57" data-dest-detail='[87,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:47.076000px;bottom:70.830000px;width:111.123000px;height:14.745000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf5d" data-dest-detail='[93,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.490000px;bottom:52.259000px;width:108.901000px;height:10.971000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y26 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Heap<span class="_ _1"> </span>and<span class="_ _1"> </span>Stack</div><a class="l" href="#pf7" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:132.432000px;width:183.729000px;height:24.026000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIfklEQVR42u3ZsQkCMQCG0UQuWDqDWDmBiLVwK1g4j0u4gYUzCBYO4QZWV3mmiZ0DWEgi700Q/jQfSVysNgEAAKpxv10nVgAAoDYiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQCAj5hztgIAAPVIKXlJBQCgOiIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRagIAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACLVBAAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIA0JaulYM+x7Hf7V0YtOVyPhkBgC/EnLMVAACoR0rJdz8AANURqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAwE91w2He7ukf26MrBAD4M8t1H+NsWoZXCKUUgwAAUIU3KekdApKfQa4AAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _e"></span>arenthesis<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Brackets</div><div class="t m0 xe h7 y27 ff9 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">{}<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">b<span class="_ _6"></span>races<span class="ffa">,<span class="_ _7"> </span>info<span class="_ _6"></span>rmally<span class="_ _7"> </span>“curly<span class="_ _7"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>rack<span class="_ _6"></span>ets”</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h7 y28 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[]<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">b<span class="_ _6"></span>rack<span class="_ _e"></span>ets<span class="ffa">,<span class="_ _7"> </span>informally<span class="_ _d"> </span>“square<span class="_ _d"> </span>brack<span class="_ _e"></span>ets”</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h7 y29 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">()<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">pa<span class="_ _6"></span>renthesis<span class="ffa">,<span class="_ _7"> </span>info<span class="_ _6"></span>rmally<span class="_ _7"> </span>“round<span class="_ _7"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>rack<span class="_ _6"></span>ets”</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf h7 y2a ffb fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">&lt;&gt;<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">angle<span class="_ _8"> </span>brack<span class="_ _e"></span>ets</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y2b ffc fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">twitter.com/lefticus</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">6/86</div><a class="l" href="https://twitter.com/lefticus/status/1466518147700199430?t=0A8agYBM8b2oAufm1yptpA"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:34.722000px;bottom:2.354000px;width:96.140000px;height:13.444000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAJB0lEQVR42u3ZoUoEURiG4R2Zg9FmFy2TN4jIhA2KLNg0bTIZTYIg2MRgMgrCwoIIW7cKG9bgDcgW78BkUTxlbd7AyHA8Ps8dzDcTXuYv1je3OwAAkIzX56clKwAAkBqRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgDAjyLGaAUAANIRQvAnFQCA5IhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAAGhZaQKy9/H52d3t24GG5rOpEQBEKvya7m7/5eTQDjRU1T2dCtAa534AAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCAJCm0gT8B8sHq0agqRsTALTHn1QAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAA/FelCcjeZDTcqI/sQEOP4wcjALSmiDFagbxVdW8+m9oBHxLAXxFCcO4HACA5IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAkKPSBGRvMhpWdc8ONPQ4fjACQGuKGKMVyFtV9ya393agof3jwXw2tQNAC0IIzv0AACRHpAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAIA8lSYge5dnp/vHAzvQ0PXFuREAWlPEGK0AAEA6QgjO/QAAJEekAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAALSofL9ay/jx3nbuvGMAgL+l2toripXlxftXp7NYLAwCAEASvgFn6kLSTNjZ6AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Pro<span class="_ _c"></span>cess<span class="_ _8"> </span>Address<span class="_ _8"> </span>Space</div><div class="t m0 x11 hf y2c ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">higher<span class="_ _b"> </span>memo<span class="_ _e"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x12 hf y2d ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">addresses</div><div class="t m0 x13 he y2e ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x00FFFFFF</div><div class="t m0 x3 h10 y2f ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack</div><div class="t m0 x14 h11 y30 ffe fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">↓</div><div class="t m0 x15 h10 y31 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">stack<span class="_ _7"> </span>memory<span class="_ _f"> </span><span class="ff5">int<span class="_ _10"> </span>data[10]</span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h11 y32 ffe fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">↑</div><div class="t m0 x9 h10 y33 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Heap</div><div class="t m0 x17 h10 y34 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">dynamic<span class="_ _7"> </span>memory</div><div class="t m0 x18 h12 y32 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="_ _10"> </span>int[10]</div><div class="t m0 x19 h12 y33 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">malloc(40)</div><div class="t m0 x1a h10 y35 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">BSS<span class="_ _7"> </span>and<span class="_ _7"> </span>Data</div><div class="t m0 x1b h10 y36 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Segment</div><div class="t m0 x1c h6 y37 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">.bss/.data</div><div class="t m0 x1d h10 y38 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Static/Global</div><div class="t m0 x1e h10 y39 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">data</div><div class="t m0 x1f h12 y38 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span>data[10]</div><div class="t m0 x20 hf y39 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(global<span class="_ _b"> </span>scope)</div><div class="t m0 x21 hf y3a ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lo<span class="_ _6"></span>wer<span class="_ _11"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x12 hf y3b ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">addresses</div><div class="t m0 x13 he y3c ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x00FF0000</div><div class="t m0 x9 h10 y3d ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Co<span class="_ _c"></span>de</div><div class="t m0 x22 h6 y3e ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">.text</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">7/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Data<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>BSS<span class="_ _8"> </span>Segment</div><div class="t m0 x23 he y3f ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">data[]<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>DATA<span class="_ _a"> </span>segment<span class="_ _12"> </span>memory</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 he y40 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">big_data[<span class="fc5">1000000</span>]<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>BSS<span class="_ _a"> </span>segment<span class="_ _12"> </span>memory</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 he y41 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>(zero-initialized)</div><div class="t m0 x23 he y42 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _a"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x24 he y43 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[]<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>stack<span class="_ _a"> </span>memory</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 he y44 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y45 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Data/BSS<span class="_ _d"> </span>(Blo<span class="_ _c"></span>ck<span class="_ _d"> </span>Sta<span class="_ _6"></span>rted<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>Symb<span class="_ _c"></span>ol)<span class="_ _d"> </span>segments<span class="_ _d"> </span>are<span class="_ _b"> </span>larger<span class="_ _b"> </span>than<span class="_ _d"> </span>stack<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>(max</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y46 ffe fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">≈<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">1GB<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>general)<span class="_ _d"> </span>but<span class="_ _d"> </span>slow<span class="_ _e"></span>er</span></div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">8/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfb" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="b"><div class="pc pcb w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>Heap<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Overview</div><div class="t m0 x25 h10 y47 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _15"> </span>Heap</div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y48 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y49 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Organization</div><div class="t m0 x26 h10 y4a ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Contiguous<span class="_ _d"> </span>(LIF<span class="_ _6"></span>O)</div><div class="t m0 x27 h10 y4b ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Contiguous<span class="_ _d"> </span>within<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation,</div><div class="t m0 x27 h10 y4a ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">F<span class="_ _6"></span>ragmented<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>et<span class="_ _6"></span>ween<span class="_ _b"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cations</div><div class="t m0 x27 h10 y4c ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(relies<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _d"> </span>virtual<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry)</div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y4d ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Max<span class="_ _7"> </span>size</div><div class="t m0 x26 h10 y4e ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Small<span class="_ _b"> </span>(8MB<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _d"> </span>Linux,<span class="_ _d"> </span>1MB<span class="_ _b"> </span>on</div><div class="t m0 x26 h10 y4f ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Windo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws)</div><div class="t m0 x27 h10 y4d ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Whole<span class="_ _d"> </span>system<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry</div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y50 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">If<span class="_ _7"> </span>exceed</div><div class="t m0 x26 h10 y51 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Program<span class="_ _d"> </span>crash<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>function</div><div class="t m0 x26 h10 y52 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">entry<span class="_ _d"> </span>(ha<span class="_ _6"></span>rd<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>debug)</div><div class="t m0 x27 h10 y50 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Exception<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">nullptr</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y53 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff4">Compile-time<span class="_ _17"> </span>R<span class="_ _6"></span>un-time</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y54 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Lo<span class="_ _c"></span>calit<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ff4">High<span class="_ _19"> </span>Lo<span class="_ _6"></span>w</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y55 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Thread<span class="_ _7"> </span>View<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _d"> </span>thread<span class="_ _d"> </span>has<span class="_ _d"> </span>its<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>wn<span class="_ _d"> </span>stack<span class="_ _1b"> </span>Sha<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="_ _d"> </span>among<span class="_ _d"> </span>threads</span></div><div class="t m0 xa ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">9/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfc" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="c"><div class="pc pcc w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span>lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cal<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>either<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>stack<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>or<span class="_ _b"> </span>CPU<span class="_ _d"> </span>registers</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y57 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _a"> </span>not<span class="_ _12"> </span>on<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _a"> </span>stack<span class="_ _12"> </span>(data<span class="_ _12"> </span>segment)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y58 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y59 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">k;<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>depends<span class="_ _12"> </span>on<span class="_ _a"> </span>where<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _12"> </span>instance<span class="_ _a"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>A<span class="_ _12"> </span>is</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y5a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y5b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _a"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y5c ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>on<span class="_ _a"> </span>stack</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y5d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">z[]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="fc9">&quot;abc&quot;</span></span>;<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>on<span class="_ _12"> </span>stack</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y5e ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _14"> </span>a;<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>on<span class="_ _a"> </span>stack<span class="_ _12"> </span>(also<span class="_ _12"> </span>k)</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y5f ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">malloc(</span>4<span class="fc0">);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _a"> </span>variable<span class="_ _12"> </span>&quot;ptr&quot;<span class="_ _12"> </span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>on<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _12"> </span>stack</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y60 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rganization<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>stack<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>enables<span class="_ _d"> </span>much<span class="_ _d"> </span>higher<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>erformance.<span class="_ _20"> </span>On<span class="_ _d"> </span>the</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y62 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">other<span class="_ _d"> </span>hand,<span class="_ _d"> </span>this<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>space<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>limited!!</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">10/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfd" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="d"><div class="pc pcd w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIX0lEQVR42u3YsQnCQBiG4TvJkdIZQionELEW3CxLZJwUGSIbWKX0mrOzTyH8yPOM8FUvXx6v9wQAAGFs63KyAgAA0YhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAAC+cq3VCgAAxFFK8aQCABCOSAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKSaAAAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASDUBAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAwP/o9mmwwo+8HrMRAACOutyeOZ/7tr9Taq0ZBACAED6wlhQES3Z6EAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Data</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y63 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _7"> </span>of<span class="_ _7"> </span>data<span class="_ _8"> </span>sto<span class="_ _e"></span>red<span class="_ _8"> </span>in<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _7"> </span>stack<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x2a h10 y64 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cal<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff4">V<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cal<span class="_ _d"> </span>scop<span class="_ _c"></span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y65 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">F<span class="_ _6"></span>unction<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rguments<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff4">Data<span class="_ _d"> </span>passed<span class="_ _d"> </span>from<span class="_ _d"> </span>caller<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>function</span></div><div class="t m0 x2b h10 y66 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Return<span class="_ _d"> </span>addresses<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff4">Data<span class="_ _d"> </span>passed<span class="_ _d"> </span>from<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>function<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>caller</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y67 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Compiler<span class="_ _d"> </span>temp<span class="_ _c"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>ra<span class="_ _6"></span>ries<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff4">Compiler<span class="_ _d"> </span>sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecific<span class="_ _d"> </span>instructions</span></div><div class="t m0 x2c h11 y68 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Interrupt<span class="_ _d"> </span>contexts</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">11/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pfe" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="e"><div class="pc pce w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Stack<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff1 fs8 fca sc0 ls0 ws0">Every<span class="_ _7"> </span>object<span class="_ _7"> </span>which<span class="_ _8"> </span>resides<span class="_ _7"> </span>in<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _8"> </span>stack<span class="_ _7"> </span>is<span class="_ _7"> </span>not<span class="_ _7"> </span>valid<span class="_ _8"> </span>outside<span class="_ _7"> </span>his<span class="_ _7"> </span>scop<span class="_ _c"></span>e!!</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y57 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">f<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y69 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y58 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y59 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y5a ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">f();</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y5b ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>ptr[<span class="fc5">0</span>];<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fca">Illegal<span class="_ _20"> </span>memory<span class="_ _20"> </span>access!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2d h13 y5b ff12 fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">A</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y6a ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>bool<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y6b ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">str<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc9">&quot;abc&quot;<span class="fc0">;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y6c ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(x)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 he y6d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">xyz[]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc9">&quot;xyz&quot;</span></span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 he y6e ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">str<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>xyz;</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y6f ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y70 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>str;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>if<span class="_ _20"> </span>&quot;x&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>true,<span class="_ _20"> </span>then<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fca">Illegal<span class="_ _20"> </span>memory<span class="_ _12"> </span>access!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h13 y70 ff12 fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">A</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y71 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">12/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pff" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="f"><div class="pc pcf w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Heap<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff5">new</span>,<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff5">delete<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>Keyw<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _e"></span>rds</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y72 ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff1">,<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>delete</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y73 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff4 fc0">/</span>new[]<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">and<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>delete<span class="ff4 fc0">/</span>delete[]<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _d"> </span>C++<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">k<span class="_ _6"></span>eyw<span class="_ _6"></span>ords<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff4">that<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>erfo<span class="_ _6"></span>rm<span class="_ _d"> </span>dynamic</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y74 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation/deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation,<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>construction/destruction<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>runtime</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y75 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">malloc<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">and<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>free<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _d"> </span>C<span class="_ _d"> </span>functions<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>they<span class="_ _d"> </span>only<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>free<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>blo<span class="_ _c"></span>cks</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y76 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(exp<span class="_ _6"></span>ressed<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>ytes)</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">13/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf10" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="10"><div class="pc pc10 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">new<span class="ff1">,<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>delete<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff1">A<span class="_ _e"></span>dvantages</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y77 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Language<span class="_ _7"> </span>keyw<span class="_ _e"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rds<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>functions<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ffe">→<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">safer</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y78 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Return<span class="_ _7"> </span>type<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>returns<span class="_ _d"> </span>exact<span class="_ _d"> </span>data<span class="_ _d"> </span>type,<span class="_ _d"> </span>while<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">malloc()<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>returns<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">void*</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y79 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">F<span class="_ _6"></span>ailure<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>thro<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff11">exception</span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>while<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">malloc()<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>returns<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff10">NULL<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ffe">→<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">it</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y7a ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>igno<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _d"> </span>zero-size<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cations<span class="_ _d"> </span>do<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>need<span class="_ _d"> </span>sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecial<span class="_ _d"> </span>co<span class="_ _c"></span>de</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y7b ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _7"> </span>size<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span>T<span class="_ _c"></span>he<span class="_ _d"> </span>numb<span class="_ _c"></span>er<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>ytes<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>calculated<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y7c ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">k<span class="_ _6"></span>eyw<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rd,<span class="_ _d"> </span>while<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>user<span class="_ _d"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>take<span class="_ _b"> </span>care<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>manually<span class="_ _d"> </span>calculate<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>size<span class="_ _d"> </span>for</div><div class="t m0 x2e h14 y7d ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">malloc()</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y7e ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Initialization<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>used<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialize<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>esides<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y7f ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">P<span class="_ _6"></span>olymo<span class="_ _6"></span>rphism<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span>objects<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">virtual<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>functions<span class="_ _d"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>to</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y80 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialize<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>virtual<span class="_ _d"> </span>table<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">14/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf11" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="11"><div class="pc pc11 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIr0lEQVR42u3YsUkFURCG0b2yg9HFGsTICkSMBTuzCcsxsAg7MHrcyEnWbONlecFcOaeC4Y8+pj08vSwAAFDG99fnjRUAAKhGpAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAsGuZaQUAAOqICJ9UAADKEakAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAAFe0muC4MYYRAIBJ9d4nutYnFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBgIi0zrQAAQB0R4ZMKAEA5IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAgN1qguPGGEYAACbVe5/oWp9UAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAA57XMtAIAAHVEhE8qAADliFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAHarCY4bYxgBAJhU732ia31SAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAnNcy0woAANQRET6pAACUI1IBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAANitJjhujGEEAGBSvfeJrvVJBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAcF7LTCsAAFBHRPikAgBQjkgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAIArWy/v91b4l35eP4wAAMzo8fmttbvb7fK7LNu2GQQAgBL+AMVfK/zV5IJqAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y81 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>single<span class="_ _7"> </span>element</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y82 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span>malloc(</span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y83 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;<span class="_ _24"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y84 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff11">N<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>elements</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y85 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span>malloc(N<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>*<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y86 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[N];<span class="_ _25"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y87 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff11">N<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>structures</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y88 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">MyStruct<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>(MyStruct<span class="fc5">*</span>)<span class="_ _12"> </span>malloc(N<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(MyStruct));<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>C</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y89 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">MyStruct<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span>MyStruct[N];<span class="_ _26"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>C++</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y8a ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>zero-initialize<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff11">N<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>elements</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y8b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span>calloc(N,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y8c ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[N]();<span class="_ _27"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">15/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf12" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="12"><div class="pc pc12 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x2f h10 y8d ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>single<span class="_ _7"> </span>element</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y8e ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span>malloc(</span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y8f ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">free(value);</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y90 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;<span class="_ _24"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y91 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value;</span></div><div class="t m0 x2f h10 y92 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff11">N<span class="_ _a"> </span></span>elements</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y93 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span>malloc(N<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>*<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">));<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y94 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">free(value);</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y95 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[N];<span class="_ _25"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>C++</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 he y96 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _12"> </span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">16/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf13" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="13"><div class="pc pc13 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation/Deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _12"> </span>Prop<span class="_ _c"></span>erties</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff1 fs8 fca sc0 ls0 ws0">F<span class="_ _6"></span>undamental<span class="_ _7"> </span>rules<span class="ff4 fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y97 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">malloc()<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">free()</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y98 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">delete</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y99 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Each<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new[]<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">delete[]</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y9a ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">malloc()<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _23"> </span></span><span class="fc7">new<span class="_ _11"> </span></span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _23"> </span></span><span class="fc7">new[]<span class="_ _23"> </span></span><span class="ff4">never<span class="_ _d"> </span>produce<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>NULL<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">success<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>case,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y9b ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">except<span class="_ _d"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>zero-size<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cations<span class="_ _d"> </span>(implementation-defined)</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y9c ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">free()<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _23"> </span></span><span class="fc7">delete<span class="_ _11"> </span></span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _23"> </span></span><span class="fc7">delete[]<span class="_ _23"> </span></span><span class="ff4">applied<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>NULL<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff4">/<span class="_ _11"> </span></span><span class="fc7">nullptr<span class="_ _23"> </span></span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointers<span class="_ _d"> </span>do<span class="_ _d"> </span>not</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y9d ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _c"></span>duce<span class="_ _d"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>rs</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y9e ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Mixing<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new[]<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">malloc<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>something<span class="_ _d"> </span>different<span class="_ _d"> </span>from<span class="_ _d"> </span>their<span class="_ _d"> </span>counterparts<span class="_ _b"> </span>leads</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y9f ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">undefined<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ehavio<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">17/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf14" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="14"><div class="pc pc14 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2D<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _29"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 ya0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Easy<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>stack<span class="_ _d"> </span>-<span class="_ _d"> </span>dimensions<span class="_ _d"> </span>kno<span class="_ _6"></span>wn<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he ya1 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>C/C++<span class="_ _12"> </span>uses<span class="_ _20"> </span>row-major<span class="_ _20"> </span>order:<span class="_ _12"> </span>move<span class="_ _20"> </span>on<span class="_ _20"> </span>row<span class="_ _20"> </span>elements,<span class="_ _12"> </span>then<span class="_ _20"> </span>columns</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 ya2 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _d"> </span>Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>2D<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation/deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _d"> </span>-<span class="_ _d"> </span>dimensions<span class="_ _d"> </span>known<span class="_ _b"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he ya3 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">**<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">A<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">[</span>3<span class="fc0">];<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointers<span class="_ _12"> </span>allocation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he ya4 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">for<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span>i<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span>i<span class="fc5">++</span>)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ya5 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A[i]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">new<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc4">int</span></span></span>[<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>inner<span class="_ _12"> </span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span>allocations</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he ya6 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">for<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span>i<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span>i<span class="fc5">++</span>)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ya7 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _12"> </span>A[i];<span class="_ _2b"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>inner<span class="_ _20"> </span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span>deallocations</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he ya8 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _12"> </span>A;<span class="_ _27"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointers<span class="_ _12"> </span>deallocation</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">18/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf15" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="15"><div class="pc pc15 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2D<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x30 h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x31 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yaa ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>2D<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation/deallo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fcc">C++11</span>:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yab ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _20"> </span>3<span class="_ _20"> </span>objects<span class="_ _12"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>type<span class="_ _20"> </span>int[4]</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yac ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _2d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>dynamic<span class="_ _20"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yad ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">B<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[n][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yae fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>auto<span class="_ _20"> </span>C<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span>new<span class="_ _20"> </span>int[n][n];<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yaf ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _12"> </span>A;<span class="_ _2d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>same<span class="_ _12"> </span>for<span class="_ _20"> </span>B,<span class="_ _20"> </span>C</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">19/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf16" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="16"><div class="pc pc16 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cating<span class="_ _8"> </span>Placement</div><div class="t m0 x9 h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">non-allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cating<span class="_ _7"> </span>placement<span class="_ _2e"> </span><span class="ff10">(ptr)<span class="_ _10"> </span>type<span class="_ _23"> </span></span></span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _d"> </span>sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecify<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _d"> </span>(p<span class="_ _6"></span>reviously<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated)<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>individual<span class="_ _d"> </span>objects</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb1 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>STACK<span class="_ _20"> </span>MEMORY</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb2 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">buffer[<span class="fc5">8</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb3 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc0">x<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(buffer)<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb4 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">y<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _20"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _1e"> </span></span></span>short<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">2</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb5 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>no<span class="_ _20"> </span>need<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span>deallocate<span class="_ _20"> </span>x,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb6 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>HEAP<span class="_ _20"> </span>MEMORY</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y9c ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">buffer2<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>unsigned<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">2</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb7 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">double<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc0">z<span class="_ _2a"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _8"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(buffer2)<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>double<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb8 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _12"> </span>buffer2;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb9 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>delete[]<span class="_ _20"> </span>z;<span class="_ _2c"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>but<span class="_ _12"> </span>bad<span class="_ _20"> </span>practice</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">20/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf17" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="17"><div class="pc pc17 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIoUlEQVR42u3ZsU0DQRCG0Vt0I6IVNViOqAAhYiRySnERDt0ARbgIAoqgAyJrI1bC54wCjIRn5fcqGP2XfNor64enCQAA0vj8eL+xAgAA2YhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAAB+ld67FQAAyCMivKQCAJCOSAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAcH3mgW5trflgAADnqbUOdK2XVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARKoJAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAB/MJuAS/k5Hl93Ozv8p/1mYwQAhlB676Pc2lrzwQAAzlNrHeXUiPC7HwCAdEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAYW+m9WwEAgDwiwksqAADpiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAgATmw3ZlBRL6en4zAgBcp/vHl1LubpfD9zQty2IQAABSOAFdYCYA/qN7jQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cating<span class="_ _8"> </span>Placement<span class="_ _12"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Objects</div><div class="t m0 x32 h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x33 h17 y7 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⇝</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yba ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Placement<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">non-trivial<span class="_ _d"> </span>objects<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>requires<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _d"> </span>call<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>object</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 ybb ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">destructo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>runtime<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>able<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>detect<span class="_ _d"> </span>when<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>out-of-scop<span class="_ _c"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 x28 he ybc ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ybd ff15 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">∼<span class="ffc">A()<span class="_ _12"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span>cout<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc9">&quot;destructor&quot;</span></span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span>}</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he ybe ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he ybf ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">buffer[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yc0 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(buffer)<span class="_ _20"> </span>A();</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yc1 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>delete<span class="_ _20"> </span>x;<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span>runtime<span class="_ _20"> </span>error<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>x<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>valid<span class="_ _12"> </span>heap<span class="_ _20"> </span>memory<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointer</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yc2 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">x<span class="fc5">-&gt;</span><span class="ff15">∼</span>A();<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>print<span class="_ _20"> </span>&quot;destructor&quot;</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">21/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf18" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="18"><div class="pc pc18 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Thro<span class="_ _e"></span>wing<span class="_ _12"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x34 h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">new<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erato<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>allow<span class="_ _6"></span>s<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>non-throwing<span class="_ _b"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _d"> </span>by<span class="_ _b"> </span>passing<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">std::nothrow</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">object.<span class="_ _20"> </span>It<span class="_ _d"> </span>returns<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">NULL<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>instead<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>throwing<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff10">std::bad<span class="_ _8"> </span>alloc<span class="_ _21"> </span></span>exception<span class="_ _d"> </span>if</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yc3 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _d"> </span>fails</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yc4 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>nothrow)<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[very_large_size];</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yc5 ff14 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">note<span class="_ _c"></span><span class="ffd">:<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">new<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>can<span class="_ _11"> </span>return<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="ffc">NULL<span class="_ _2f"> </span></span>p<span class="_"> </span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>even<span class="_ _11"> </span>if<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _11"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _b"> </span>size<span class="_ _11"> </span>is<span class="_ _11"> </span>0</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 yc6 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::nothrow<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">do<span class="_ _c"></span>esn’t<span class="_ _d"> </span>mean<span class="_ _d"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>object(s)<span class="_ _d"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>throw<span class="_ _b"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>exception</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yc7 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">itself</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yc8 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yc9 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A()<span class="_ _12"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">throw<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>std<span class="fc5">::</span>runtime_error{};<span class="_ _12"> </span>}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yca ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he ycb ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span>(std<span class="fc5">::</span>nothrow)<span class="_ _20"> </span>A;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>throw<span class="_ _20"> </span>std::runtime_error</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">22/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf19" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="19"><div class="pc pc19 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _e"></span>ry<span class="_ _12"> </span>Leak</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 ycc ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _7"> </span>Leak</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 ycd ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _7"> </span>leak<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">is<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>dynamically<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated<span class="_ _d"> </span>entity<span class="_ _b"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>heap<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>is</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 yce ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">no<span class="_ _d"> </span>longer<span class="_ _d"> </span>used<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogram,<span class="_ _d"> </span>but<span class="_ _d"> </span>still<span class="_ _d"> </span>maintained<span class="_ _d"> </span>overall<span class="_ _d"> </span>its<span class="_ _d"> </span>execution</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 ycf ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Problems:</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 yd0 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Illegal<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>accesses<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ffe">→<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ffd fs7">segmentation<span class="_ _b"> </span>fault/wrong<span class="_ _11"> </span>results</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 yd1 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Undefined<span class="_ _d"> </span>values<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>their<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>ropagation<span class="ffe">→<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ffd fs7">segmentation<span class="_ _b"> </span>fault/wrong<span class="_ _11"> </span>results</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 yd2 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">A<span class="_ _6"></span>dditional<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>consumption<span class="_ _d"> </span>(p<span class="_ _c"></span>otential<span class="_ _d"> </span>segmentation<span class="_ _d"> </span>fault)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yd3 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yd4 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yd5 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">array<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">nullptr</span></span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fca">memory<span class="_ _12"> </span>leak!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yd6 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>memory<span class="_ _12"> </span>can<span class="_ _20"> </span>no<span class="_ _20"> </span>longer<span class="_ _12"> </span>be<span class="_ _20"> </span>deallocated!!</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 yd7 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _8"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>leaks<span class="_ _b"> </span>a<span class="_ _e"></span>re<span class="_ _b"> </span>esp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecially<span class="_ _b"> </span>difficult<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _b"> </span>detect<span class="_ _b"> </span>in<span class="_ _b"> </span>complex<span class="_ _b"> </span>co<span class="_ _c"></span>de<span class="_ _b"> </span>and<span class="_ _b"> </span>when<span class="_ _b"> </span>objects<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>re</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 yd8 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">widely<span class="_ _b"> </span>used</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">23/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1a"><div class="pc pc1a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>OS</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yd9 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogram<span class="_ _d"> </span>do<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>directly<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cate<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>itself<span class="_ _d"> </span>but,<span class="_ _d"> </span>it<span class="_ _d"> </span>asks<span class="_ _d"> </span>for<span class="_ _b"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>chuck<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yda ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>OS.<span class="_ _d"> </span>The<span class="_ _d"> </span>OS<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rovides<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>granularit<span class="_ _e"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>pages<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">(virtual</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 ydb ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry),<span class="_ _d"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _20"> </span>4KB<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _d"> </span>Linux</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 ydc ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Implication<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span>out-of-b<span class="_ _0"></span>ound<span class="_ _b"> </span>accesses<span class="_ _d"> </span>do<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>alwa<span class="_ _e"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span>lead<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>segmentation<span class="_ _d"> </span>fault<span class="_ _d"> </span>(lucky</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 ydd ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">case).<span class="_ _20"> </span>The<span class="_ _d"> </span>wo<span class="_ _e"></span>rst<span class="_ _d"> </span>case<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>execution<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ehavior</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yde ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">x<span class="_ _1d"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he ydf ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">num_iters<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>4096<span class="_ _20"> </span>/<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">);<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>4<span class="_ _12"> </span>KB</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he ye0 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">for<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span>i<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>num_iters;<span class="_ _20"> </span>i<span class="fc5">++</span>)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he ye1 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">x[i]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>1</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>no<span class="_ _20"> </span>segmentation<span class="_ _12"> </span>fault</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">24/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1b"><div class="pc pc1b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y26 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Initialization</div><a class="l" href="#pf1b" data-dest-detail='[27,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:137.252000px;width:141.178000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1c"><div class="pc pc1c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">V<span class="_ _e"></span>ariable<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++03<span class="fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 ye2 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a1;<span class="_ _31"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">default<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _20"> </span>(undefined<span class="_ _12"> </span>value)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 ye3 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">a2<span class="fc0">(<span class="fc5">2</span>);<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">direct<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">value</span>)<span class="_ _12"> </span>initialization</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 ye4 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">a3<span class="fc0">(<span class="fc5">0</span>);<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">direct<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">value</span>)<span class="_ _12"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _20"> </span>(zero-initialization)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he ye5 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span>a4();<span class="_ _14"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span>a4<span class="_ _12"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>function</div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 ye6 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a5<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>2</span>;<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">copy<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 ye7 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a6<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>2u</span>;<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">copy<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _20"> </span>(+<span class="_ _20"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _12"> </span>conversion)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 ye8 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a7<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">2</span>);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">copy<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 ye9 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a8<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">();<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">copy<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _20"> </span>(zero-initialization)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yea ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a9<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">cop<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _b"> </span>list<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff">initialization,<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>brace-initialization<span class="fff">/</span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>raced-init-list<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff">syntax</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">25/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1d"><div class="pc pc1d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unifo<span class="_ _e"></span>rm<span class="_ _12"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yeb ff4 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++11<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff1 fc0">Uniform<span class="_ _d"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff17 fs9"><span class="_ _b"> </span></span><span class="ff4">syntax<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialize<span class="_ _d"> </span>different<span class="_ _d"> </span>entities<span class="_ _b"> </span>(variables,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yec ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">objects,<span class="_ _d"> </span>structures,<span class="_ _d"> </span>etc.)<span class="_ _20"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>consistent<span class="_ _d"> </span>wa<span class="_ _e"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>brace-initialization<span class="_ _b"> </span>or<span class="_ _b"> </span>braced-init-list</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yed ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">syntax:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yee ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b1{<span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">direct<span class="_ _b"> </span>list<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">value</span>)<span class="_ _12"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yef ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b2{};<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">direct<span class="_ _b"> </span>list<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>(or<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">value</span>)<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _20"> </span>(default<span class="_ _20"> </span>constructor/</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x35 he yf0 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _32"> </span>zero-initialization)</div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yf1 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b3<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">{};<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">copy<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _20"> </span>(default<span class="_ _20"> </span>constr./zero-initialization)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yf2 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b4<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="fc5">4</span>};<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">copy<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yf3 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b5<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">copy<span class="_ _11"> </span>list<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>initialization<span class="_ _20"> </span>(default<span class="_ _12"> </span>constr./zero-initialization)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">26/86</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/list_initialization"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:65.738000px;bottom:196.935000px;width:116.242000px;height:12.901000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1e"><div class="pc pc1e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIvElEQVR42u3csU3DQBiGYR/yierEDBFVJkCIGilldvEQVN4gQ2QIigzBBlTRVVzjdKmQEl0o7sjzTPDrc/PKlhyeX94GAABoxtfh88EKAAC0RqQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAHAWSilWAACgHTFGb1IBAGiOSAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKSaAAAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAd27s6NacswcGAFAnpdTRtd6kAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAXRhNADfazrMRrrefJiMAcFEopfRya87ZAwMAqJNS6uXUGKPP/QAANEekAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAAB+M5oAbrSdZyNcbz9NRgDgolBK6eXWnLMHBgBQJ6XUy6kxRp/7AQBojkgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQDg3+npF1QAANwDv6ACAKBFIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAANQZjx8rK8Df+n7fGQEAqq1fNyE8PS7Hn2FYlsUgAAA04QQAeyv+YqL0pAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Brace<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _12"> </span>A<span class="_ _e"></span>dvantages</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yf4 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">unifo<span class="_ _6"></span>rm<span class="_ _7"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>also<span class="_ _d"> </span>used<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">safely<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>convert<span class="_ _d"> </span>arithmetic<span class="_ _b"> </span>types,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yf5 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _6"></span>reventing<span class="_ _d"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">na<span class="_ _6"></span>rro<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _d"> </span>i.e<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>otential<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>loss.<span class="_ _20"> </span>The<span class="_ _d"> </span>syntax<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>also<span class="_ _d"> </span>more<span class="_ _b"> </span>concise</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yf6 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">than<span class="_ _d"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dern<span class="_ _d"> </span>casts</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yf7 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b4<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>-1</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yf8 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b5{<span class="fc5">-1</span>};<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yf9 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b6<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>-1</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yfa fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span>b7{-1};<span class="_ _1e"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yfb ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f1{<span class="fc5">10e30</span>};<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yfc ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f2<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>10e40</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>&quot;inf&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 yfd fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//float<span class="_ _12"> </span>f3{10e40};<span class="_ _1e"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">27/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf1f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1f"><div class="pc pc1f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _e"></span>y<span class="_ _12"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _33"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yfe ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">aggregate<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>brace-initialization<span class="_ _b"> </span>syntax,<span class="_ _d"> </span>also</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yff ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">called<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>raced-init-list<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>aggregate-initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y100 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">One<span class="_ _d"> </span>dimension:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y101 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _12"> </span>size</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y102 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b[]<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _20"> </span>size</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y103 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c[]<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc9">&quot;abcd&quot;</span></span>;<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _20"> </span>size</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y104 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">d[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>d[2]<span class="_ _12"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>0<span class="_ _20"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>zero/default<span class="_ _20"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y105 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">e[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">0</span>};<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>all<span class="_ _20"> </span>values<span class="_ _12"> </span>are<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span>0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y106 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x34 he y107 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">all<span class="_ _12"> </span>values<span class="_ _20"> </span>are<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _12"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>0<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">(<span class="fcc">C++11</span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y108 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">g[<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _12"> </span>{};<span class="_ _31"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>all<span class="_ _20"> </span>values<span class="_ _20"> </span>are<span class="_ _12"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>0<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff18">(<span class="fcc">C++11</span>)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">28/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf20" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="20"><div class="pc pc20 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _e"></span>y<span class="_ _12"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _33"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y109 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>wo<span class="_ _b"> </span>dimensions:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h14 y10a ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff10 fc0">a[][<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="fc5">2</span>},<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="fc5">4</span>},<span class="_ _10"> </span>{<span class="fc5">5</span>,<span class="fc5">6</span>}<span class="_ _10"> </span>};<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h14 y10b ff5 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff10 fc0">b[][<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>{<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="fc5">4<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>};<span class="_ _34"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h14 y10c fff fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>the<span class="_ _10"> </span>type<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>and<span class="_ _10"> </span>&quot;b&quot;<span class="_ _10"> </span>is<span class="_ _10"> </span>an<span class="_ _10"> </span>array<span class="_ _10"> </span>of<span class="_ _10"> </span>type<span class="_ _10"> </span>int[]</div><div class="t m0 x28 h11 y10d fff fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span>c[][]<span class="_ _35"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>...;<span class="_ _36"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff11">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h11 y10e fff fs8 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span>d[2][]<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>...;<span class="_ _36"> </span>//<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff11">compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">29/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf21" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="21"><div class="pc pc21 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _12"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>C++03<span class="_ _37"> </span>1/4</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structures<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _d"> </span>also<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">aggregate<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>brace-initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">syntax,<span class="_ _d"> </span>also<span class="_ _d"> </span>called<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>raced-init-list<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>aggregate-initialization</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y10f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">S<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y110 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y111 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y112 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y113 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s1;<span class="_ _2b"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>default<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _20"> </span>x,y<span class="_ _12"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _20"> </span>values</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y114 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s2<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{};<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>copy<span class="_ _20"> </span>list<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _12"> </span>x,y<span class="_ _20"> </span>default<span class="_ _20"> </span>constr./zero-init</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y115 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s3<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>copy<span class="_ _20"> </span>list<span class="_ _12"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _20"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y=2</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y116 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s4<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>};<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>copy<span class="_ _20"> </span>list<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization,<span class="_ _12"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y<span class="_ _20"> </span>default<span class="_ _20"> </span>constr./zero-init</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y117 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s5(3,<span class="_ _20"> </span>5);<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _12"> </span>error,<span class="_ _20"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _12"> </span>found</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y118 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">f</span>()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y119 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s6<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>verbose</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y11a ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">s6;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11b ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">30/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf22" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="22"><div class="pc pc22 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _12"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>C++11<span class="_ _37"> </span>2/4</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11c ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">S<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y11d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y11e ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y11f ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y120 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y121 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s1{};<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>direct<span class="_ _20"> </span>list<span class="_ _20"> </span>(or<span class="_ _12"> </span>value)<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 xd he y122 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _14"> </span>x,y,ptr<span class="_ _12"> </span>default<span class="_ _20"> </span>constr./zero-initialization</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y123 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s2{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>direct<span class="_ _12"> </span>list<span class="_ _20"> </span>(or<span class="_ _20"> </span>value)<span class="_ _12"> </span>initialization</span></div><div class="t m0 xd he y124 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _14"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _12"> </span>y=2,<span class="_ _20"> </span>ptr<span class="_ _20"> </span>default<span class="_ _12"> </span>constr./zero-initialization</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y125 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>S<span class="_ _20"> </span>s3{1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>-2};<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span>compile<span class="_ _20"> </span>error,<span class="_ _12"> </span>narrowing<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y126 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">f</span>()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">return<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span>}<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>non-verbose</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">31/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf23" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="23"><div class="pc pc23 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _12"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Brace<span class="_ _12"> </span>o<span class="_ _e"></span>r<span class="_ _12"> </span>Equal<span class="_ _12"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _38"> </span>3/4</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Non-Static<span class="_ _7"> </span>Data<span class="_ _7"> </span>Memb<span class="_ _0"></span>er<span class="_ _d"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">(<span class="ff10">NSDMI</span>)<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff17 fs9"></span>,<span class="_ _b"> </span>also<span class="_ _d"> </span>called<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">brace<span class="_ _b"> </span>or<span class="_ _b"> </span>equal</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialization<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y10f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">S<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y110 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>equal<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y111 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>2</span>;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>equal<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y112 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y113 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">S1<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y114 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _20"> </span>{<span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>brace<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y115 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y116 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y117 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s1;<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>call<span class="_ _20"> </span>default<span class="_ _20"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _12"> </span>(x=3,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y=2)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y127 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s2{};<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>call<span class="_ _20"> </span>default<span class="_ _12"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _20"> </span>(x=3,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y=2)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y118 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S<span class="_ _12"> </span>s3{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">4</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>set<span class="_ _20"> </span>x=1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y=4</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S1<span class="_ _12"> </span>s4;<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>call<span class="_ _20"> </span>default<span class="_ _12"> </span>constructor<span class="_ _20"> </span>(x=3)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11b ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S1<span class="_ _12"> </span>s5{<span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>set<span class="_ _20"> </span>x=3</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">32/86</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/data_members#Member_initialization"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:27.350000px;bottom:203.450000px;width:245.455000px;height:12.902000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf24" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="24"><div class="pc pc24 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization<span class="_ _12"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Designated<span class="_ _12"> </span>Initializer<span class="_ _8"> </span>List<span class="_ _39"> </span>4/4</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fc0">intro<span class="_ _c"></span>duces<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">designated<span class="_ _7"> </span>initializer<span class="_ _7"> </span>list<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff17 fs9"></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y57 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y69 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y,<span class="_ _20"> </span>z;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y58 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y59 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _12"> </span>a1{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _2d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _12"> </span>same<span class="_ _20"> </span>of</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y5a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _12"> </span>a2{.x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span>.y<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>2</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span>.z<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>designated<span class="_ _20"> </span>initializer<span class="_ _20"> </span>list</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y128 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Designated<span class="_ _d"> </span>initializer<span class="_ _d"> </span>list<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>very<span class="_ _7"> </span>useful<span class="_ _d"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>imp<span class="_ _6"></span>roving<span class="_ _d"> </span>co<span class="_ _c"></span>de<span class="_ _d"> </span>readability</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y129 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f1<span class="fc0">(</span></span>bool<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c,<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">d,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>bool<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">e)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{}</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y12a fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>long<span class="_ _20"> </span>list<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>same<span class="_ _20"> </span>data<span class="_ _12"> </span>type<span class="_ _20"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>error-prone</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y12b ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">B<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y12c ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">bool<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a,<span class="_ _20"> </span>b,<span class="_ _20"> </span>c,<span class="_ _12"> </span>d,<span class="_ _20"> </span>e;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y12d ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};<span class="_ _3a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>f2(B<span class="_ _20"> </span>b)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y12e ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f2({.a<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc8">true</span></span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span>.c<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc8">true</span></span>});<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>b,<span class="_ _12"> </span>d,<span class="_ _20"> </span>e<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>false</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">33/86</div><a class="l" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/aggregate_initialization#Designated_initializers"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:134.351000px;bottom:204.056000px;width:131.653000px;height:11.690000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf25" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="25"><div class="pc pc25 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _8"> </span>Binding</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Structure<span class="_ _d"> </span>Binding<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">declaration<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="fcc">C++17<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>binds<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecified<span class="_ _d"> </span>names<span class="_ _7"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>elements<span class="_ _d"> </span>of</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initializer:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y10f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y110 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>1</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y111 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>2</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y112 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}<span class="_ _12"> </span>a;</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y114 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">f</span>()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">return<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>A{<span class="fc5">4</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">5</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span>}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y115 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>Case<span class="_ _20"> </span>(1):<span class="_ _20"> </span>struct</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y116 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y1]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>x1=1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y1=2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y117 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x2,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y2]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>f();<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>x2=4,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y2=5</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y127 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>Case<span class="_ _20"> </span>(2):<span class="_ _20"> </span>raw<span class="_ _12"> </span>arrays</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y118 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b[<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="fc5">2</span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y119 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x3,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y3]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>b;<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>x3=1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y3=2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11a fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>Case<span class="_ _20"> </span>(3):<span class="_ _20"> </span>tuples</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11b ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">[x4,<span class="_ _20"> </span>y4]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>std<span class="fc5">::</span>tuple<span class="fc5">&lt;</span></span><span class="fc4">float<span class="ffc fc0">,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">{</span>3.0f<span class="fc0">,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>2<span class="fc0">};</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">34/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf26" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="26"><div class="pc pc26 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Memory<span class="_ _8"> </span>Initialization</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dynamic<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _d"> </span>applies<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>same<span class="_ _d"> </span>rules<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _c"></span>cated</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y12f ff4 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++03<span class="fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y130 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">a1<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;<span class="_ _31"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>undefined</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y131 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">a2<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">();<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>zero-initialization,<span class="_ _20"> </span>call<span class="_ _12"> </span>&quot;=<span class="_ _20"> </span>int()&quot;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y132 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">a3<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>single<span class="_ _12"> </span>value<span class="_ _20"> </span>equal<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span>4</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y133 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">a4<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _20"> </span>4<span class="_ _20"> </span>elements<span class="_ _12"> </span>with<span class="_ _20"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _20"> </span>values</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y134 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">a5<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>]();<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _20"> </span>4<span class="_ _12"> </span>elements<span class="_ _20"> </span>zero-initialized,<span class="_ _20"> </span>call<span class="_ _20"> </span>&quot;=<span class="_ _12"> </span>int()&quot;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y135 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>int*<span class="_ _20"> </span>a6<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span>new<span class="_ _20"> </span>int[4](3);<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>valid</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y136 ffd fs7 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++11<span class="fc0">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y137 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">b1<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>]{};<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>allocate<span class="_ _20"> </span>4<span class="_ _12"> </span>elements<span class="_ _20"> </span>zero-initialized,<span class="_ _20"> </span>call<span class="_ _20"> </span>&quot;=<span class="_ _12"> </span>int{}&quot;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y138 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">b2<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">4</span>]{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>set<span class="_ _20"> </span>first,<span class="_ _20"> </span>second,<span class="_ _20"> </span>zero-initialized</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">35/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf27" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="27"><div class="pc pc27 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Initialization<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>Undefined<span class="_ _8"> </span>Behavior<span class="_ _8"> </span>Example</div><div class="t m0 x36 h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y139 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lib/libc/stdlib/rand.c<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ffd">of<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _11"> </span>FreeBSD<span class="_ _11"> </span>lib<span class="_ _c"></span>c</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y13a ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">timeval<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">tv;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y13b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span>long<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">junk;<span class="_ _3b"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialized,<span class="_ _20"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _12"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y13c fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">/*<span class="_ _12"> </span>XXX<span class="_ _20"> </span>left<span class="_ _20"> </span>uninitialized<span class="_ _12"> </span>on<span class="_ _20"> </span>purpose<span class="_ _20"> </span>*/</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y13d ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">gettimeofday(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>tv,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc8">NULL</span>);</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y13e ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">srandom((getpid()<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>16</span>)<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">ˆ<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>tv.tv_sec<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">ˆ<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>tv.tv_usec<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">ˆ<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>junk);</div><div class="t m0 x2c he y13f fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>A<span class="_ _20"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _20"> </span>can<span class="_ _12"> </span>assign<span class="_ _20"> </span>any<span class="_ _20"> </span>value<span class="_ _12"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>only<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _12"> </span>variable,</div><div class="t m0 x2c he y140 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>but<span class="_ _20"> </span>also<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span>expressions<span class="_ _20"> </span>derived<span class="_ _20"> </span>from<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>variable</div><div class="t m0 x2c he y141 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>GCC<span class="_ _20"> </span>assigns<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">junk<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>register.<span class="_ _12"> </span>Clang<span class="_ _20"> </span>further<span class="_ _20"> </span>eliminates<span class="_ _20"> </span>computation</div><div class="t m0 x2c he y142 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>derived<span class="_ _20"> </span>from<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">junk<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>completely,<span class="_ _20"> </span>and<span class="_ _20"> </span>generates<span class="_ _12"> </span>code<span class="_ _20"> </span>that<span class="_ _20"> </span>does<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _12"> </span>use</div><div class="t m0 x2c he y143 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>either<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">gettimeofday<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>or<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff18">getpid</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">36/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf28" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="28"><div class="pc pc28 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y144 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _4"></span>ointers<span class="_ _1"> </span>and</div><div class="t m0 xd h2 y145 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References</div><a class="l" href="#pf28" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:154.437000px;width:241.993000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf28" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:120.066000px;width:124.123000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf29" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="29"><div class="pc pc29 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointers<span class="_ _12"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Op<span class="_ _c"></span>erations<span class="_ _3c"> </span>1/3</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y146 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y147 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">T*<span class="_ _d"> </span></span></span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>referring<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y148 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _7"> </span>Dereferencing</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y149 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">dereferencing<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>(<span class="ff10">*ptr</span>)<span class="_ _d"> </span>means<span class="_ _d"> </span>obtaining<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>sto<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y14a ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">referred<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y14b ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Subscript<span class="_ _7"> </span>Op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _d"> </span>[]</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y14c ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span>subscript<span class="_ _d"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erato<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>(<span class="ff10">ptr[]</span>)<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _d"> </span>accessing<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>element<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>given</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y14d ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _c"></span>osition</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">37/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2a"><div class="pc pc2a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAI8ElEQVR42u3cMUpDQRSG0Yy8weriGsTKFYhYC5buJYuwyg5chIuwcBHuwCpM5TSxEwSLh8Tkzss5GzD+Fn7cgZSrm7sVAACk8f72emYFAACyEakAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAHwrvXcrAACQR63VJRUAgHREKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAgL+bTAAL01pb0q8TEf6mACfIJRUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAHFfpvVsBAIA8aq0uqQAApCNSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAAD8n8kEwGG01owwtIgwAnAwLqkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAMAPpfduBQAA8qi1uqQCAJDOZAKAmVprh/lBEWFtQKSS7v8TKCEATpznfgAA0nFJBYCR7OVZz0MK+bmkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAwImZTAAAA4kIIyBSARAHAEfguR8AgHRK790KAADkUWt1SQUAIB2RCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAMBskwnma60ZAQAYVEQM9GldUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAcCyTCYBfPW42RpjvZb02AsAeld67FWZqrRkBABhURIzyUWutnvsBAEhHpAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCALA4voIKAIBcfAUVAAAZiVQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAgASm7dOlFYBRfNw/GwFg8a5vH0q5ON9tP1er3W5nEAAAUvgCN9s7UHNocY0AAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointers<span class="_ _12"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Op<span class="_ _c"></span>erations<span class="_ _3c"> </span>2/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y14e ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _7"> </span>of<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">(e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff10">void*<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>)<span class="_ _b"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">unsigned<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>integer<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>32-bit/64-bit</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y14f ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">dep<span class="_ _c"></span>ending<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>underlying<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rchitecture</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y150 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">It<span class="_ _d"> </span>only<span class="_ _d"> </span>supp<span class="_ _c"></span>orts<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erators<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff5">+,<span class="_ _10"> </span>-,<span class="_ _10"> </span>++,<span class="_ _10"> </span>--<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>comparisons</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h10 y151 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">==,<span class="_ _10"> </span>!=,<span class="_ _10"> </span>&lt;,<span class="_ _10"> </span>&lt;=,<span class="_ _10"> </span>&gt;,<span class="_ _10"> </span>&gt;=<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _d"> </span>subscript<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>[]<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>dereferencing<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>*</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y152 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">A<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">explicitly<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>converted<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>integer<span class="_ _d"> </span>type</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y153 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc0">x;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2e he y154 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">size_t<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>(</span>size_t<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span>x;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>ok<span class="_ _12"> </span>(explicit<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h16 y155 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>size_t<span class="_ _20"> </span>y<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span>x;<span class="_ _2a"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff">(implicit<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">38/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2b"><div class="pc pc2b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointer<span class="_ _12"> </span>Conversion</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y156 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Any<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>type<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>implicitly<span class="_ _d"> </span>converted<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">void*</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y157 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Non-<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff10">void<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointers<span class="_ _d"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _d"> </span>converted</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y158 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">static<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast</span></div><div class="t m0 x26 h18 y159 ff19 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">†</div><div class="t m0 x37 h10 y158 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">do<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>w<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _d"> </span>for<span class="_ _b"> </span>safety<span class="_ _b"> </span>reasons,<span class="_ _d"> </span>except<span class="_ _d"> </span>for</div><div class="t m0 x2e h14 y15a ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">void*</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y15b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr1<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">...;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y15c ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr2<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr1;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>int*<span class="_ _12"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>void*,<span class="_ _20"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _12"> </span>conversion</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y15d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr3<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">...;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y15e ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr4<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _20"> </span>ptr3;<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>void*<span class="_ _20"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>int,<span class="_ _12"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _20"> </span>required</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 he y15f fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>static_cast<span class="_ _20"> </span>allowed</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y160 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr5<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">...;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y161 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr6<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>char<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span>ptr5;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>int*<span class="_ _12"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>char*,<span class="_ _20"> </span>explicit<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _12"> </span>required,</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 he y162 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>static_cast<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>allowed,<span class="_ _12"> </span>dangerous</div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y163 ff1a fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">†<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ffd">see<span class="_ _b"> </span>next<span class="_ _11"> </span>lectures<span class="_ _b"> </span>fo<span class="_ _e"></span>r<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="ffc">static<span class="_ _d"> </span>cast<span class="_ _2f"> </span></span>details</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">39/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2c"><div class="pc pc2c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointers<span class="_ _12"> </span>and<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Op<span class="_ _c"></span>erations<span class="_ _3c"> </span>3/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y164 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dereferencing:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y165 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr1<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y166 ffc fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">*<span class="fc0">ptr1<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span>4<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>dereferencing<span class="_ _20"> </span>(assignment)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y167 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>*</span>ptr1;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>dereferencing<span class="_ _20"> </span>(get<span class="_ _20"> </span>value)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y168 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>subscript:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y169 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr2<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y16a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr2[<span class="fc5">2</span>]<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>3</span>;</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y16b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">var<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>ptr2[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y16c ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Common<span class="_ _d"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y16d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">ptr1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>ptr2;<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>one<span class="_ _12"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _20"> </span>and<span class="_ _20"> </span>one<span class="_ _12"> </span>integer!!</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y16e ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">ptr1,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>*<span class="fc0">ptr2;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>two<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointers</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">40/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2d"><div class="pc pc2d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIpklEQVR42u3YsUlEQRCA4V15g9FiDYeRFYgYC3ZmE5ZzgUXYgdGxkZM8M03lkHMe7/sqGGY3+Jl+e//YAACgjPe345UtAABQjUgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAOBbz0xbAACgjohwSQUAoByRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAADwh5YNzTrn3NXbjDF8UD/HHwZgn1xSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQCAi+qZaQsAANQRES6pAACUI1IBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQCAX1k2NOuc04MBsBVjDEuAs7mkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAF9Uz0xYAAKgjIlxSAQAoR6QCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAADsyLKhWeecHgwA4DxjjA1N65IKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBItQIAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQCAHz0zbQEAgDoiwiUVAIByRCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAAD+23J6OdgCQGvt4+nVEgAquHt47v3mej19trauq4UAAFDCF/JnKP6iYZ8sAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ffa fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="_"> </span>+<span class="_"> </span>1<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ffe"></span>=<span class="_ _d"> </span>2<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">:<span class="_ _10"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Arithmetic<span class="_ _3d"> </span>1/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y56 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Subscript<span class="_ _8"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _8"> </span>meaning:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 yb0 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr[i]<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">is<span class="_ _d"> </span>equal<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>*(ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span>+<span class="_ _10"> </span>i)</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y16f ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _7"> </span>subscript<span class="_ _b"> </span>operator<span class="_ _11"> </span>accepts<span class="_ _b"> </span>also<span class="_ _11"> </span>negative<span class="_ _b"> </span>values</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y170 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointer<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rithmetic<span class="_ _8"> </span>rule:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h14 y171 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">address<span class="fc0">(ptr<span class="_ _10"> </span>+<span class="_ _10"> </span>i)<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>address<span class="fc0">(ptr)<span class="_ _10"> </span>+<span class="_ _10"> </span>(sizeof(T)<span class="_ _10"> </span>*<span class="_ _10"> </span>i)</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y172 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">where<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ffc">T<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _11"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>t<span class="_ _e"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _11"> </span>elements<span class="_ _b"> </span>pointed<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ffc">ptr</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y173 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">4</span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y174 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>array[<span class="fc5">1</span>];<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>print<span class="_ _12"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y175 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>*</span>(array<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _12"> </span>1</span>);<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>print<span class="_ _12"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y176 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>array;<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>print<span class="_ _12"> </span>0xFFFAFFF2</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y177 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _12"> </span>1</span>;<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>print<span class="_ _20"> </span>0xFFFAFFF6!!</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>+<span class="_ _20"> </span>2<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y178 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>ptr[<span class="fc5">-1</span>];<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>print<span class="_ _12"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">41/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2e"><div class="pc pc2e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ffa fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="_"> </span>+<span class="_"> </span>1<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ffe"></span>=<span class="_ _d"> </span>2<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">:<span class="_ _10"> </span>Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>Arithmetic<span class="_ _3d"> </span>2/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc y179 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _a"> </span>arr[4]<span class="_ _5"> </span>=<span class="_ _a"> </span>&quot;abc&quot;</div><div class="t m0 x13 hf y17a ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">value<span class="_ _3e"> </span>address</div><div class="t m0 x12 hf y17b ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’a’<span class="_ _3f"> </span>0x0<span class="_ _40"> </span><span class="ff15">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[0]</div><div class="t m0 x12 hf y17c ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’b’<span class="_ _3f"> </span>0x1<span class="_ _40"> </span><span class="ff15">←</span>a<span class="_ _e"></span>rr[1]</div><div class="t m0 x12 hf y17d ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’c’<span class="_ _3f"> </span>0x2<span class="_ _40"> </span><span class="ff15">←</span>arr[2]</div><div class="t m0 x38 hf y17e ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">’<span class="ff1b">\</span>0’<span class="_ _41"> </span>0x3<span class="_ _40"> </span><span class="ff15">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[3]</div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 y17f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _a"> </span>arr[3]<span class="_ _5"> </span>=<span class="_ _a"> </span><span class="ff9">{</span>4,5,6<span class="ff9">}</span></div><div class="t m0 x39 hf y180 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">value<span class="_ _3e"> </span>address</div><div class="t m0 x3a hf y181 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y182 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x0<span class="_ _40"> </span><span class="ff15">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[0]</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y183 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x1</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y184 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x2</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y185 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x3</div><div class="t m0 x3a hf y186 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y187 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x4<span class="_ _40"> </span><span class="ff15">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[1]</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y188 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x5</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y189 ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x6</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y18a ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x7</div><div class="t m0 x3a hf y18b ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">6</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y18c ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x8<span class="_ _40"> </span><span class="ff15">←</span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rr[2]</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y18d ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x9</div><div class="t m0 x3c hf y18e ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x10</div><div class="t m0 x3c hf y18f ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">0x11</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">42/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf2f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2f"><div class="pc pc2f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointer<span class="_ _12"> </span>Arithmetic<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>Undefined<span class="_ _8"> </span>Behavior<span class="_ _42"> </span>3/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y190 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lib/vsprintf.c<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ffd">of<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _11"> </span>Linux<span class="_ _b"> </span>k<span class="_ _e"></span>ernel</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y191 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">vsnprintf<span class="fc0">(</span></span>char<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">buf,<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>size_t<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size,<span class="_ _20"> </span>...)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y192 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">end;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y193 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">/*<span class="_ _12"> </span>Reject<span class="_ _20"> </span>out-of-range<span class="_ _20"> </span>values<span class="_ _12"> </span>early</div><div class="t m0 x3d he y194 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">Large<span class="_ _12"> </span>positive<span class="_ _20"> </span>sizes<span class="_ _20"> </span>are<span class="_ _12"> </span>used<span class="_ _20"> </span>for<span class="_ _20"> </span>unknown<span class="_ _12"> </span>buffer<span class="_ _20"> </span>sizes<span class="_ _20"> </span>*/</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y195 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(WARN_ON_ONCE((</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _20"> </span>size<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>0</span>))</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x12 he y196 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">0<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y197 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">end<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>buf<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>size;</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y198 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">/*<span class="_ _12"> </span>Make<span class="_ _20"> </span>sure<span class="_ _20"> </span>end<span class="_ _12"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>always<span class="_ _20"> </span>&gt;=<span class="_ _12"> </span>buf<span class="_ _20"> </span>*/</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y199 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(end<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>buf)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span>...<span class="_ _20"> </span>}<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>Even<span class="_ _20"> </span>if<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointers<span class="_ _12"> </span>are<span class="_ _20"> </span>represented<span class="_ _20"> </span>with<span class="_ _12"> </span>unsigned<span class="_ _20"> </span>values,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y19a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">...<span class="_ _24"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _20"> </span>overflow<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _12"> </span>behavior.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 he y19b fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>Both<span class="_ _20"> </span>GCC<span class="_ _20"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>Clang<span class="_ _20"> </span>will<span class="_ _20"> </span>simplify<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>overflow<span class="_ _20"> </span>check</div><div class="t m0 x9 he y19c fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff18">buf<span class="_ _20"> </span>+<span class="_ _20"> </span>size<span class="_ _12"> </span>&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>buf<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff18">size<span class="_ _20"> </span>&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>0<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>by<span class="_ _12"> </span>eliminating</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y19d ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}<span class="_ _26"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>common<span class="_ _20"> </span>term<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">buf</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">43/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf30" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="30"><div class="pc pc30 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _e"></span>ddress-of<span class="_ _12"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _8"> </span>&amp;</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y19e ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">address-of<span class="_ _7"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>(<span class="fc7">&amp;</span>)<span class="_ _d"> </span>returns<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>address<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y19f ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1a0 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>&amp;<span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>address-of<span class="_ _20"> </span>operator,</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3e he y1a1 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>b<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>equal<span class="_ _12"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>address<span class="_ _12"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff16">&apos;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1a2 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a<span class="fc5">++</span>;</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1a3 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>*</span>b;<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>print<span class="_ _12"> </span>4;</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y1a4 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>o<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>confuse<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">Reference<span class="_ _7"> </span>syntax:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff5">T&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span>var<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>...</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">44/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf31" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="31"><div class="pc pc31 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Wild<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>Dangling<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointers</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y1a5 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Wild<span class="_ _7"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1a6 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc7">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _8"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y1a7 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ff1c fc5">*<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr;<span class="_ _2e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>wild<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer:<span class="_ _8"> </span>Where<span class="_ _8"> </span>will<span class="_ _7"> </span>this<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>points?</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y1a8 ff1c fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">...<span class="_ _43"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>solution:<span class="_ _7"> </span>always<span class="_ _8"> </span>initialize<span class="_ _8"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1a9 ff1c fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y1aa ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dangling<span class="_ _7"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1ab ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc7">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _8"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y1ac ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ff1c fc5">*<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _8"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>int<span class="ff1c fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y1ad ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff1c fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>ok<span class="_ _7"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>&quot;array&quot;<span class="_ _8"> </span>now<span class="_ _8"> </span>is<span class="_ _8"> </span>a<span class="_ _7"> </span>dangling<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y1ae ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff1c fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fca">double<span class="_ _7"> </span>free<span class="_ _8"> </span>or<span class="_ _8"> </span>corruption!!</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y1af fff fs6 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>program<span class="_ _7"> </span>aborted,<span class="_ _8"> </span>the<span class="_ _8"> </span>value<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _8"> </span>&quot;array&quot;<span class="_ _8"> </span>is<span class="_ _7"> </span>not<span class="_ _8"> </span>null</div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1b0 ff1c fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y1b1 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">note:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1b2 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ff1c fc5">*<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc0">array<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _8"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>int<span class="ff1c fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1b3 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff1c fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>ok<span class="_ _7"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>&quot;array&quot;<span class="_ _8"> </span>now<span class="_ _8"> </span>is<span class="_ _8"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>dangling<span class="_ _7"> </span>pointer</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1b4 ff1c fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">array<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">nullptr</span></span>;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _7"> </span>no<span class="_ _8"> </span>more<span class="_ _8"> </span>dagling<span class="_ _8"> </span>pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y1b5 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">delete<span class="ff1c fc0">[]<span class="_ _8"> </span>array;<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fca">ok,<span class="_ _7"> </span>no<span class="_ _8"> </span>side<span class="_ _8"> </span>effect</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">45/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf32" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="32"><div class="pc pc32 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Pointer<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _8"> </span>Generic<span class="_ _8"> </span>Pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Instead<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>declaring<span class="_ _12"> </span>different<span class="_ _a"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointer<span class="_ _12"> </span>variable<span class="_ _12"> </span>it<span class="_ _a"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ossible<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _a"> </span>decla<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _20"> </span>single</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span>which<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>act<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span>any<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>types</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1b6 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">void*<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>compa<span class="_ _6"></span>red</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1b7 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Any<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>type<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>implicitly<span class="_ _d"> </span>converted<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">void*</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1b8 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">Other<span class="_"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erations<span class="_"> </span>are<span class="_"> </span>unsafe<span class="_"> </span>because<span class="_"> </span>the<span class="_"> </span>compiler<span class="_"> </span>do<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_"> </span>not<span class="_"> </span>know<span class="_"> </span>what<span class="_"> </span>kind<span class="_"> </span>of<span class="_"> </span>object</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y1b9 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is<span class="_ _d"> </span>really<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointed<span class="_ _d"> </span>to</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1ba ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>(<span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span>(<span class="ff5 fc4">void</span><span class="fc5">*</span>)<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(<span class="ff5 fc4">int</span><span class="fc5">*</span>));<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>print<span class="_ _20"> </span>true</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1bb ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">4<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1bc ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _1c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">array;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>implicit<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1bd ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>*</span>array;<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>print<span class="_ _12"> </span>2</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1be fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>*ptr;<span class="_ _44"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1bf fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ptr<span class="_ _20"> </span>+<span class="_ _20"> </span>2;<span class="_ _31"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _11"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">46/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf33" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="33"><div class="pc pc33 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _45"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y1c0 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y1c1 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">reference<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">T&amp;<span class="_ _d"> </span></span></span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">alias</span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>namely<span class="_ _d"> </span>another<span class="_ _d"> </span>name<span class="_ _d"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>already<span class="_ _d"> </span>existing</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y1c2 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable.<span class="_ _20"> </span>Both<span class="_ _d"> </span>variable<span class="_ _b"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>variable<span class="_ _b"> </span>reference<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>applied<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>refer<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>the</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y1c3 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1c4 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">A<span class="_ _7"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _7"> </span>has<span class="_ _7"> </span>its<span class="_ _7"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>wn<span class="_ _7"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _7"> </span>address<span class="_ _7"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>s<span class="_ _c"></span>ize<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _7"> </span>stack,<span class="_ _7"> </span>reference<span class="_ _7"> </span>shares<span class="_ _d"> </span>the</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y1c5 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">same<span class="_ _7"> </span>memory<span class="_ _d"> </span>address<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">(with<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>original<span class="_ _b"> </span>variable)</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1c6 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _b"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>internally<span class="_ _b"> </span>implement<span class="_ _d"> </span>references<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff11">p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointers</span>,<span class="_ _b"> </span>but<span class="_ _b"> </span>treats<span class="_ _d"> </span>them<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _b"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y1c7 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">very<span class="_ _d"> </span>different<span class="_ _d"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>y</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">47/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf34" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="34"><div class="pc pc34 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _45"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y1c8 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References<span class="_ _7"> </span>are<span class="_ _d"> </span>safer<span class="_ _7"> </span>than<span class="_ _8"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointers<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1c9 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">References<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">cannot<span class="_ _7"> </span>have<span class="_ _8"> </span>NULL<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>value.<span class="_ _20"> </span>Y<span class="_ _e"></span>ou<span class="_ _d"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>able<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _7"> </span>assume<span class="_ _d"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y1ca ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">reference<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>connected<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>legitimate<span class="_ _d"> </span>sto<span class="_ _6"></span>rage</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1cb ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">References<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff1">cannot<span class="_ _7"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _8"> </span>changed</span>.<span class="_ _28"> </span>Once<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _a"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>an<span class="_ _20"> </span>object,<span class="_ _a"> </span>it</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y1cc ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>changed<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>refer<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>another<span class="_ _d"> </span>object</div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y1cd ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointers<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointed<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>another<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>any<span class="_ _d"> </span>time)</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y1ce ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">References<span class="_ _d"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">initialized<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>when<span class="_ _d"> </span>they<span class="_ _d"> </span>are<span class="_ _b"> </span>created</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y1cf ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointers<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>any<span class="_ _d"> </span>time)</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">48/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf35" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="35"><div class="pc pc35 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>Examples</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _7"> </span>syntax:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff5">T&amp;<span class="_ _10"> </span>var<span class="_ _10"> </span>=<span class="_ _10"> </span>...</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1d0 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int<span class="ff18">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _14"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff">no<span class="_ _20"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1d1 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int<span class="ff18">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>b<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3;<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff">&quot;3&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>variable</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d2 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>2</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d3 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">d<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">c;<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>reference.<span class="_ _20"> </span>ok<span class="_ _20"> </span>valid<span class="_ _12"> </span>initialization</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d4 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">e<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">d;<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok.<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference<span class="_ _12"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d5 ffc fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">d;<span class="_ _31"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>increment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d6 ffc fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">e;<span class="_ _31"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>increment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d7 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>c;<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>print<span class="_ _20"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d8 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d9 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>&amp;<span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointer</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1da ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">c<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>&amp;<span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointer</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1db ffc fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">b;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>change<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>value<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>b<span class="ff16">&apos;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1dc ffc fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++*<span class="fc0">c;<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>change<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>value<span class="_ _12"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>(a<span class="_ _12"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>4)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1dd ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">d<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">a;<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>reference</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1de ffc fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">++<span class="fc0">d;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>change<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>value<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>a<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _1e"> </span></span>(a<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>5)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">49/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf36" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="36"><div class="pc pc36 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>F<span class="_ _e"></span>unction<span class="_ _12"> </span>Arguments<span class="_ _46"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y1df ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _d"> </span>vs.<span class="_ _20"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>arguments:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e0 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">value)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{}<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>value<span class="_ _20"> </span>may<span class="_ _12"> </span>be<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>nullptr</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e1 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">value)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{}<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>value<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>never<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>nullptr</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e2 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e3 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>a);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e4 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(<span class="fc5">0</span>);<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>dangerous<span class="_ _20"> </span>but<span class="_ _20"> </span>it<span class="_ _20"> </span>works!!<span class="_ _12"> </span>(but<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>with<span class="_ _12"> </span>other<span class="_ _20"> </span>numbers)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1e5 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//f(a);<span class="_ _1e"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff">&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointer</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e6 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(a);<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1e7 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//g(3);<span class="_ _1e"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff">&quot;3&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>something</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1e8 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//g(<span class="ff18">&amp;</span>a);<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff">&quot;<span class="ff18">&amp;</span>a&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">50/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf37" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="37"><div class="pc pc37 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>F<span class="_ _e"></span>unction<span class="_ _12"> </span>Arguments<span class="_ _46"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y190 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>use<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>indicate<span class="_ _d"> </span>fixed<span class="_ _d"> </span>size<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>rra<span class="_ _6"></span>ys:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1e9 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>array)[<span class="fc5">3</span>])<span class="_ _20"> </span>{<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>accepts<span class="_ _20"> </span>only<span class="_ _12"> </span>arrays<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>size<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1ea ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array);</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1eb ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y17 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[])<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1ec ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array);<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>any<span class="_ _20"> </span>surprise?</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1ed ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1ee ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[<span class="fc5">3</span>],<span class="_ _12"> </span>B[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1ef ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">C<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">A;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f0 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f1 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(A);<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1f2 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>f(B);<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _11"> </span>error<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>B<span class="_ _20"> </span>has<span class="_ _20"> </span>size<span class="_ _12"> </span>4</div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1f3 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>f(C);<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _11"> </span>error<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>C<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _12"> </span>pointer</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f4 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(A);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f5 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(B);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f6 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">g(C);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">51/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf38" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="38"><div class="pc pc38 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>Arra<span class="_ _e"></span>ys</div><div class="t m0 x35 h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11c ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>B)[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>A;<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span>array</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11e ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">C[<span class="fc5">10</span>][<span class="fc5">3</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11f ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>D)[<span class="fc5">10</span>][<span class="fc5">3</span>]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>C;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference<span class="_ _12"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>2D<span class="_ _20"> </span>array</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f7 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>type<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span>(*)[4]</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y121 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>read<span class="_ _20"> </span>as<span class="_ _20"> </span>&quot;pointer<span class="_ _12"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>arrays<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>4<span class="_ _20"> </span>int&quot;</div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y122 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span>(<span class="ff18">&amp;</span>d)[3][4]<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span>c;<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1f8 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span>(*e)[3]<span class="_ _2c"> </span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span>c;<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _11"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y123 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">*</span>f)[<span class="fc5">4</span>]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>c;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f9 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array[<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1fa fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff18">&amp;</span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _12"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>an<span class="_ _12"> </span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>size<span class="_ _20"> </span>4</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1fb ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size1<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>array)[<span class="fc5">1</span>]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>array;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1fc ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size2<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>*</span>(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>array<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _20"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>array;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1fd ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>size1;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>print<span class="_ _20"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1fe ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>size2;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>print<span class="_ _20"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y1ff ffd fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">see</span><span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="fcb sc0">also</span><span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ffc"><span class="fcb sc0">www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">52/86</div><a class="l" href="www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/cpp/cp4_PointerReference.html"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:67.359000px;bottom:-15.770000px;width:100.846000px;height:13.445000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf39" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="39"><div class="pc pc39 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Memb<span class="_ _c"></span>er<span class="_ _12"> </span>A<span class="_ _6"></span>ccess</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y77 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">dot<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>(<span class="ff10 fc7">.</span>)<span class="_ _20"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _b"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>applied<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cal<span class="_ _d"> </span>objects<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>references</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y200 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">arrow<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _b"> </span>(<span class="ff10 fc7">-&gt;</span>)<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>used<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>object</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y201 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2b he y202 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y203 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y204 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _12"> </span>a;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>local<span class="_ _20"> </span>object</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y205 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a.x;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>dot<span class="_ _12"> </span>syntax</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y206 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>ref<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>reference</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y207 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ref.x;<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>dot<span class="_ _20"> </span>syntax</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y208 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>ptr<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>&amp;</span>a;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointer</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y209 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr<span class="fc5">-&gt;</span>x;<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>arrow<span class="_ _20"> </span>syntax:<span class="_ _20"> </span>same<span class="_ _12"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>*ptr.x</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">53/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3a"><div class="pc pc3a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y20a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Constants,<span class="_ _1"> </span>Literals,</div><div class="t m0 xd h2 y144 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="ff1">,<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>constexpr<span class="ff1">,</span></div><div class="t m0 xd h2 y145 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="ff1">,</span></div><div class="t m0 xd h1a y20b ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit</div><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:186.181000px;width:241.993000px;height:21.833000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:149.070000px;width:241.993000px;height:21.327000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:117.439000px;width:241.993000px;height:19.989000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf3a" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:85.696000px;width:119.112000px;height:17.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3b"><div class="pc pc3b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Constants<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>Literals</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">constant<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>exp<span class="_ _6"></span>ression<span class="_ _d"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y20c ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">literal<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">fixed<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>can<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>assigned<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">constant</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y20d ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">fo<span class="_ _6"></span>rmally<span class="_ _4"></span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">“Literals<span class="_ _d"> </span>are<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>tokens<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>C++<span class="_ _d"> </span>program<span class="_ _b"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>represent<span class="_ _b"> </span>constant<span class="_ _d"> </span>values</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h11 y20e ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">emb<span class="_ _c"></span>edded<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>source<span class="_ _d"> </span>co<span class="_ _c"></span>de”</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y20f ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Literal<span class="_ _7"> </span>types<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y210 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">Concrete<span class="_ _7"> </span>values<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">of<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>scalar<span class="_ _b"> </span>types<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">bool<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">char<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff10">int<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">float<span class="_ _b"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff10">double<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>e.g.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h10 y211 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">true<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>‘a’<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>3<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _21"> </span></span>2.0f</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y212 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff1">String<span class="_ _7"> </span>literal<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">of<span class="_ _d"> </span>type<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _10"> </span>char[]<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>e.g<span class="_ _47"> </span><span class="ff10">&quot;literal&quot;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y213 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">nullptr</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y214 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">User-defined<span class="_ _d"> </span>literals,<span class="_ _d"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff10">2s</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">54/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3c"><div class="pc pc3c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y215 ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">keyw<span class="_ _e"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y216 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">const<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>k<span class="_ _6"></span>eyw<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rd<span class="_ _d"> </span>declares<span class="_ _b"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>object<span class="_ _d"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">never<span class="_ _7"> </span>changes<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>after<span class="_ _d"> </span>the</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y217 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialization.<span class="_ _20"> </span>A<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>variable<span class="_ _b"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialized<span class="_ _d"> </span>when<span class="_ _d"> </span>declared</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y218 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">const<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>if<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>right<span class="_ _d"> </span>exp<span class="_ _6"></span>ression<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>also</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y219 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y21a ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _13"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>size<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y21b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A[size]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>technically<span class="_ _20"> </span>possible<span class="_ _20"> </span>but,<span class="_ _20"> </span>variable<span class="_ _12"> </span>size<span class="_ _20"> </span>stack<span class="_ _20"> </span>array</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3f he y21c fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>are<span class="_ _20"> </span>considered<span class="_ _20"> </span>BAD<span class="_ _12"> </span>programming</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y21d ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">SIZE<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>3</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y21e fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>SIZE<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>4;<span class="_ _44"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _11"> </span>error</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span>SIZE<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>const</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y21f ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">B[SIZE]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y220 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">size2<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>size;<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>size2<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>dynamic</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">55/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3d"><div class="pc pc3d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointers<span class="_ _48"> </span>1/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y221 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">int*<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ffe">→<span class="_ _10"> </span></span>const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int*</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y222 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int*</span></div><div class="t m0 x40 h1b y223 ff1d fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x41 h1b y224 ff1d fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x40 h11 y222 ffe fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">→<span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff10">int*</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y225 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">read<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">const<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">array)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{}<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _12"> </span>values<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>array<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>cannot<span class="_ _12"> </span>be<span class="_ _20"> </span>modified</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y226 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">write<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">array)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{}</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y227 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _49"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y228 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">const_ptr<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y229 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">read(ptr);<span class="_ _2b"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y22a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">write(ptr);<span class="_ _31"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y22b ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">read(const_ptr);<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y22c fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>write(const_ptr);<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _11"> </span>error</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">56/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3e"><div class="pc pc3e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointers<span class="_ _48"> </span>2/3</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y22d ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff5">int*<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">int</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y22e ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>value<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>can<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y22f ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>elements<span class="_ _b"> </span>referred<span class="_ _b"> </span>by<span class="_ _11"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>can<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y230 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int*<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int</span>.<span class="_ _20"> </span>Read<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">(const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int)*</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y231 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>value<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>can<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y232 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>elements<span class="_ _b"> </span>referred<span class="_ _b"> </span>by<span class="_ _11"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y233 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff5">int<span class="_ _10"> </span>*const<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">const<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">int</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y234 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>value<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y235 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>elements<span class="_ _b"> </span>referred<span class="_ _b"> </span>by<span class="_ _11"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>can<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y236 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int<span class="_ _10"> </span>*const<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">const<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _10"> </span>int</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y237 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>value<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y238 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-<span class="_ _5"> </span>The<span class="_ _b"> </span>elements<span class="_ _b"> </span>referred<span class="_ _b"> </span>by<span class="_ _11"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>dified</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y239 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _4a"> </span><span class="ff5">const<span class="_ _a"> </span>int*<span class="_ _21"> </span></span>(<span class="ff11">West<span class="_ _b"> </span>notation</span>)<span class="_ _b"> </span>is<span class="_ _b"> </span>equal<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="ff5">int<span class="_ _5"> </span>const*<span class="_ _21"> </span></span>(<span class="ff11">East<span class="_ _b"> </span>notation</span>)</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y23a ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Tip:<span class="_ _8"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>types<span class="_ _b"> </span>should<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>read<span class="_ _b"> </span>from<span class="_ _b"> </span>right<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _b"> </span>left</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">57/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3f"><div class="pc pc3f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointers</span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x31 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">3/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Common<span class="_ _7"> </span>error<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _12"> </span>adding<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>ointer<span class="_ _b"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>same<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span>adding<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>alias<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y23b ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">using<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">ptr_t<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y23c ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">using<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">const_ptr_t<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y23d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f1<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">const<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>read<span class="_ _20"> </span>as<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>(const<span class="_ _20"> </span>int)*<span class="ff16">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y23e fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _1e"> </span>ptr[0]<span class="_ _12"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>0;<span class="_ _44"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">not<span class="_ _b"> </span>allo<span class="_ _e"></span>wed<span class="fff">:<span class="_ _12"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _12"> </span>const<span class="_ _20"> </span>objects</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y23f ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">nullptr</span></span>;<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>allowed</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y240 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y241 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f2<span class="fc0">(const_ptr_t<span class="_ _20"> </span>ptr)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{}<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>same<span class="_ _20"> </span>as<span class="_ _12"> </span>before</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y242 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f3<span class="fc0">(</span></span><span class="fc8">const<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">ptr_t<span class="_ _20"> </span>ptr)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fca">warning!!<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>equal<span class="_ _12"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>int*<span class="_ _20"> </span>const<span class="ff16">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y243 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr[<span class="fc5">0</span>]<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>0</span>;<span class="_ _44"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>allowed!!</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y244 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _1e"> </span>ptr<span class="_ _2c"> </span>=<span class="_ _8"> </span>nullptr;<span class="_ _2a"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">not<span class="_ _b"> </span>allo<span class="_ _6"></span>wed<span class="fff">:<span class="_ _8"> </span>const<span class="_ _20"> </span>pointer<span class="_ _20"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>modifiable<span class="_ _12"> </span>objects</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y245 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">58/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf40" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="40"><div class="pc pc40 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _4b"> </span>1/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h12 y246 ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1 fs4">(C++11)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y247 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecifier<span class="_ _d"> </span>decla<span class="_ _6"></span>res<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>exp<span class="_ _6"></span>ression<span class="_ _d"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">can<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y248 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">gua<span class="_ _6"></span>rantees<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>fixed<span class="_ _d"> </span>during<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialization</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y249 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">implies<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">const</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y24a ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _d"> </span>imp<span class="_ _6"></span>rove<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>erfo<span class="_ _6"></span>rmance<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>usage</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y24b ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>otentially<span class="_ _d"> </span>impact<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>compilation<span class="_ _d"> </span>time</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">59/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf41" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="41"><div class="pc pc41 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _4b"> </span>2/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y24c ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">Va<span class="_ _e"></span>riable</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y24d ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y24e ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _20"> </span>evaluation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y24f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v2<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>v1<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span>2</span>;<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _12"> </span>evaluation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y250 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _49"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y251 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v3<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>a;<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff18">run-time<span class="_ _20"> </span>evaluation!!</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y252 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c1<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>v1;<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y253 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span>c2<span class="_ _12"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>v3;<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="fff">,<span class="_ _12"> </span>&quot;v3&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">60/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf42" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="42"><div class="pc pc42 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _4b"> </span>3/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y215 ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">Function</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y216 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">gua<span class="_ _6"></span>rantees<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluation<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>function<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span>long<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">all<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>its</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y217 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a<span class="_ _6"></span>rguments<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>re<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y254 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4 fcc">C++11<span class="fc0">:<span class="_ _20"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>contain<span class="_ _d"> </span>exactly<span class="_ _d"> </span>one<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">return<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>statement,<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>it<span class="_ _d"> </span>must<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>contain</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y255 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lo<span class="_ _c"></span>ops<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>switch</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y256 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4 fcc">C++14<span class="fc0">:<span class="_ _20"> </span>no<span class="_ _d"> </span>restrictions</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y257 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">square<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y258 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y259 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y25a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">square(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _20"> </span>evaluation,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>4<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _12"> </span>literal</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y25b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>&quot;a&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y25c ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">square(a);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _20"> </span>evaluation</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">61/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf43" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="43"><div class="pc pc43 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>F<span class="_ _e"></span>unction<span class="_ _12"> </span>Limitations</span></div><div class="t m0 x3a h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x31 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">4/5</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y156 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>contain<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>features<span class="_ _d"> </span>such<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span>try-catch<span class="_ _d"> </span>blo<span class="_ _c"></span>cks,<span class="_ _d"> </span>exceptions,<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>RTTI</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y200 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>contain<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">goto<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>and<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">asm<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>statements</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y25d ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>contain<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">assert()<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>until<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fcc">C++14</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y25e ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">virtual<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>memb<span class="_ _c"></span>er<span class="_ _d"> </span>function<span class="_ _d"> </span>until<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fcc">C++20</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y25f ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>contain<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">static<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables<span class="_ _d"> </span>until<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fcc">C++23</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y260 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">undefined<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ehavior<span class="_ _b"> </span>co<span class="_ _c"></span>de<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>allow<span class="_ _e"></span>ed,<span class="_ _d"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff10">reinterpret<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>unsafe<span class="_ _d"> </span>usage</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y261 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">union<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>signed<span class="_ _d"> </span>integer<span class="_ _d"> </span>overflow,<span class="_ _b"> </span>etc.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y262 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">It<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _8"> </span></span>if:</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y263 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">contain<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>functions,<span class="_ _d"> </span>namely<span class="_ _d"> </span>non-<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff10">constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>functions</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y264 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">contain<span class="_ _d"> </span>references<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>global<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">62/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf44" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="44"><div class="pc pc44 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>F<span class="_ _e"></span>unction<span class="_ _12"> </span>Limitations</span></div><div class="t m0 x3a h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x31 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5/5</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y56 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff11">non-static<span class="_ _d"> </span>memb<span class="_ _c"></span>er<span class="_ _d"> </span>functions<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">of<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>objects<span class="_ _d"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>used<span class="_ _d"> </span>at</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>if<span class="_ _d"> </span>they<span class="_ _d"> </span>contain<span class="_ _d"> </span>data<span class="_ _d"> </span>memb<span class="_ _c"></span>ers<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>non-compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>functions</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 yc3 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff11">memb<span class="_ _c"></span>er<span class="_ _d"> </span>functions<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">don’t<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>resent<span class="_ _d"> </span>this<span class="_ _d"> </span>issue<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ecause<span class="_ _d"> </span>they<span class="_ _d"> </span>don’t</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y265 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">dep<span class="_ _c"></span>end<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecific<span class="_ _d"> </span>instance</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y266 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y267 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _20"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y268 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _22"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span></span>const<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>return<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v;<span class="_ _20"> </span>}</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y269 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">static<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">g<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _49"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span></span>return<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _20"> </span>}</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y26a ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y26b ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _12"> </span>a1;</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y26c fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span>x<span class="_ _12"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>a1.f();<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span>compile<span class="_ _20"> </span>error,<span class="_ _20"> </span>f()<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _12"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _20"> </span>at<span class="_ _20"> </span>run-time</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y26d ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">y<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>a1.g();<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>same<span class="_ _20"> </span>as<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>A::g()<span class="ff16">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y26e ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">A<span class="_ _1c"> </span>a2;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y26f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>a2.f();<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">63/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf45" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="45"><div class="pc pc45 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h12 y270 ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1 fs4">(C++20)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y271 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="ff4 fc0">,<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">immediate<span class="_ _d"> </span>function</span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>gua<span class="_ _6"></span>rantees<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluation.</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y272 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _c"></span>duces<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y273 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">square<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y274 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y275 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y276 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">square(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _20"> </span>evaluation</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y277 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>&quot;v&quot;<span class="_ _12"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y278 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>square(v);<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span>compile<span class="_ _12"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">64/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf46" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="46"><div class="pc pc46 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h12 y279 ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1 fs4">(C++20)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y27a ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">gua<span class="_ _6"></span>rantees<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>initialization<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable.<span class="_ _20"> </span>A<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y27b ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">initialization<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _c"></span>duces<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x42 h6 y27c ff13 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">The<span class="_ _b"> </span>value<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _b"> </span>a<span class="_ _b"> </span>variable<span class="_ _11"> </span>can<span class="_ _b"> </span>change<span class="_ _b"> </span>during<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>execution</span></div><div class="t m0 x42 h6 y27d ff13 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">const<span class="_ _a"> </span>constinit<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff4">do<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _b"> </span>not<span class="_ _b"> </span>imply<span class="_ _21"> </span></span>constexpr<span class="_ _11"> </span><span class="ff4">,<span class="_ _b"> </span>while<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>opp<span class="_ _c"></span>osite<span class="_ _b"> </span>is<span class="_ _b"> </span>true</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y27e ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">square<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y27f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">value<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>value;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y280 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y281 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constinit<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>square(<span class="fc5">4</span>);<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _20"> </span>evaluation</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y282 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">v1<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _26"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>v1<span class="_ _12"> </span>can<span class="_ _20"> </span>change</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y283 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _4c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>&quot;v&quot;<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>dynamic</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y284 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>constinit<span class="_ _20"> </span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span>v2<span class="_ _12"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>square(a);<span class="_ _20"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span>compile<span class="_ _20"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">65/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf47" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="47"><div class="pc pc47 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h1c y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _2f"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fcc">C++17<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fc0">allo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">conditionally<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>co<span class="_ _c"></span>de<span class="_ _d"> </span>based<span class="_ _d"> </span>on<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">compile-time</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p<span class="_ _6"></span>redicate</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y285 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff5">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>statement<span class="_ _d"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>rces<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluate<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>ranch<span class="_ _d"> </span>at</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y286 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>(simila<span class="_ _6"></span>rly<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">#if<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rep<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _c"></span>cessor)</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y287 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y288 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span>sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>==<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="fc0">)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x12 he y289 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc9">&quot;hello&quot;<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">const<span class="_ _20"> </span>char*</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h1d y28a ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else</div><div class="t m0 x12 he y28b ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _25"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff18">int</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span>never<span class="_ _20"> </span>compiled</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y28c ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y28d ff11 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff4">T<span class="_ _e"></span>erna<span class="_ _e"></span>ry<span class="_ _b"> </span>(conditional)<span class="_ _b"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator<span class="_ _b"> </span>does<span class="_ _b"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rovide<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="ff10">constexpr<span class="_ _21"> </span></span>variant</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">66/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf48" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="48"><div class="pc pc48 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _2f"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff1">Example</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11c ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">fib<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y11d ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(n<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _20"> </span>0<span class="_ _12"> </span>||<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>n<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _12"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">?<span class="_ _20"> </span>1<span class="_ _20"> </span>:<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>fib(n<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _20"> </span>1</span>)<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">+<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>fib(n<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">-<span class="_ _12"> </span>2</span>);</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11e ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y120 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">main<span class="fc0">()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1f7 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(</span>sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>==<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="fc0">)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x12 he y121 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">fib(<span class="fc5">5</span>);</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h1d y122 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else</div><div class="t m0 x12 he y1f8 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">fib(<span class="fc5">3</span>);</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y123 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y28e ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Generated<span class="_ _11"> </span>assembly<span class="_ _b"> </span>code<span class="_ _b"> </span>(<span class="ffc">x64<span class="_ _11"> </span></span>OS):</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y28f ffc fs7 fcd sc0 ls0 ws0">main:</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y290 ffc fs7 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">mov<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fce">eax<span class="fc0">,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">8</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y291 ffc fs7 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">ret</div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y292 ffd fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _6"></span>dvanced<span class="_ _b"> </span>example:<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ffc">C++17<span class="_ _12"> </span>Compile-time<span class="_ _20"> </span>Quick-Sort</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">67/86</div><a class="l" href="https://godbolt.org/z/wtsYKF"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:112.645000px;bottom:2.337000px;width:138.505000px;height:13.445000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf49" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="49"><div class="pc pc49 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _2f"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff1">Pitfalls</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y190 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">only<span class="_ _d"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rks<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff11">explicit<span class="_ _4a"> </span><span class="ff10">if/else<span class="_ _23"> </span></span></span>statements</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y191 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f1()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y192 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(my_constexpr_fun()<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _12"> </span>1</span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 he y193 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">1<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y194 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _1e"> </span>return<span class="_ _12"> </span>2.0;<span class="_ _20"> </span>compile<span class="_ _20"> </span>error<span class="_ _1c"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span>this<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _12"> </span>part<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y195 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y293 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">else<span class="_ _10"> </span>if<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">b<span class="_ _6"></span>ranch<span class="_ _d"> </span>requires<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff5">constexpr</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y294 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">auto<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">f2()<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y295 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(my_constexpr_fun()<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _12"> </span>1</span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 he y296 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">1<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y297 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else<span class="_ _12"> </span>if<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(my_constexpr_fun()<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">==<span class="_ _12"> </span>2</span>)<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">-&gt;<span class="_ _12"> </span>else<span class="_ _20"> </span>if<span class="_ _20"> </span>constexpr</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y298 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _30"> </span>return<span class="_ _12"> </span>2.0;<span class="_ _20"> </span>compile<span class="_ _20"> </span>error<span class="_ _14"> </span>//<span class="_ _12"> </span>this<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _12"> </span>part<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>constexpr</div><div class="t m0 x7 h1d y299 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">else</div><div class="t m0 x12 he y29a ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3L<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y29b ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">68/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4a"><div class="pc pc4a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h1c y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::is<span class="_ _12"> </span>constant<span class="_ _12"> </span>evaluated()</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fc0">p<span class="_ _6"></span>rovides<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff5">std::is<span class="_ _7"> </span>constant<span class="_ _8"> </span>evaluated()<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>utility<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluate<span class="_ _d"> </span>if<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>current</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">function<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>at<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>time</div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb1 fff fs7 fcf sc0 ls0 ws0">#include<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="fc6">&lt;type_traits&gt;<span class="_ _21"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span>std::is_constant_evaluated</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he yb3 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he yb4 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>is_constant_evaluated())</span></div><div class="t m0 x3d he yb5 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">0<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y29c ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y29d ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y29e ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(<span class="fc5">3</span>);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>return<span class="_ _20"> </span>0</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y29f ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2a0 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(v);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>return<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">69/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4b"><div class="pc pc4b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _2f"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _4d"> </span><span class="ff1">1/2</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y56 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std::is<span class="_ _7"> </span>constant<span class="_ _8"> </span>evaluated()<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">has<span class="_ _d"> </span>tw<span class="_ _e"></span>o<span class="_ _d"> </span>problems<span class="_ _b"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _d"> </span></span><span class="fcc">C++23</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">solves:</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y1b6 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(1)<span class="_ _5"> </span>Calling<span class="_ _b"> </span>a<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">consteval<span class="_ _21"> </span></span>function<span class="_ _d"> </span>cannot<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _0"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>used<span class="_ _b"> </span>within<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _21"> </span><span class="ff10">constexpr<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>function<span class="_ _b"> </span>if<span class="_ _d"> </span>it</div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y2a1 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is<span class="_ _d"> </span>called<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>pa<span class="_ _6"></span>rameter</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2a2 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">consteval<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span>return<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span>3</span>;<span class="_ _20"> </span>}</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2a3 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">n)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2a4 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>is_constant_evaluated())<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>it<span class="_ _20"> </span>works<span class="_ _12"> </span>with<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff18">if<span class="_ _20"> </span>consteval</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3d he y2a5 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">g(n);</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2a6 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2a7 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2a8 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>f(3);<span class="_ _20"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _20"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">70/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4c"><div class="pc pc4c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _2f"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _4d"> </span><span class="ff1">2/2</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y156 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(2)<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">if<span class="_ _10"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _10"> </span>(std::is<span class="_ _7"> </span>constant<span class="_ _8"> </span>evaluated())<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>bug<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ecause<span class="_ _d"> </span>it<span class="_ _d"> </span>is</div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y157 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span>evaluated<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">true</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2a9 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2aa ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span>constexpr<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(std<span class="fc5">::</span>is_constant_evaluated())<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>if<span class="_ _12"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _20"> </span>avoids<span class="_ _20"> </span>this<span class="_ _12"> </span>error</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3d he y2ab ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2ac ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2ad ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2ae ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">constexpr<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">g<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _12"> </span>{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2af ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">if<span class="_ _12"> </span>consteval<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></div><div class="t m0 x3d he y2b0 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">3<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2b1 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y2b2 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc5">4<span class="fc0">;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2b3 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">71/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4d"><div class="pc pc4d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAIXUlEQVR42u3ZsQ3CMBCGURvlRMkMkTICGyBmY4lsSJUy1zg1E+QU3tvAv674JPfMbAAAUEZE3KwAAEA1IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJFqAgAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAA8GMyAefaPrMRgLK+7/Vv3748Xw6AE/XMtAIAAHVEhO9+AADKEakAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUEwAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAMA19P64j21vbYxhDQAASjgAnhgT9SdXEMIAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y2b4 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">Keyw<span class="_ _4"></span>o<span class="_ _e"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 x43 h1e y2b5 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><a class="l" href="#pf4d" data-dest-detail='[77,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:129.390000px;width:241.990000px;height:30.110000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4e"><div class="pc pc4e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h12 y2b6 ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2b7 ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">is<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>hint<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>avoid<span class="_ _d"> </span>aggressive<span class="_ _d"> </span>memo<span class="_ _6"></span>ry<span class="_ _d"> </span>optimizations</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2b8 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">involving<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>object</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2b9 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Use<span class="_ _d"> </span>cases:</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y2ba ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff11">Lo<span class="_ _6"></span>w-level<span class="_ _d"> </span>programming<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span>driver<span class="_ _d"> </span>development,<span class="_ _d"> </span>interaction<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _d"> </span>assembly<span class="_ _4"></span>,<span class="_ _d"> </span>etc.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y2bb ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(fo<span class="_ _6"></span>rce<span class="_ _d"> </span>writing<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecific<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation)</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y2bc ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff11">Multi-thread<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogram<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _a"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riables<span class="_ _d"> </span>sha<span class="_ _6"></span>red<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>et<span class="_ _6"></span>ween<span class="_ _b"> </span>threads/processes<span class="_ _d"> </span>to</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y2bd ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">communicate<span class="_ _d"> </span>(don’t<span class="_ _d"> </span>optimize,<span class="_ _d"> </span>dela<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span>up<span class="_ _c"></span>date)</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y2be ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff11">Benchma<span class="_ _6"></span>rking<span class="_ _4e"></span><span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _20"> </span>some<span class="_ _d"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erations<span class="_ _d"> </span>need<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>optimized<span class="_ _d"> </span>aw<span class="_ _e"></span>ay</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2bf ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Note:<span class="_ _4a"> </span><span class="ff10">volatile<span class="_ _2f"> </span></span>reads/writes<span class="_ _b"> </span>can<span class="_ _b"> </span>still<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>reordered<span class="_ _b"> </span>with<span class="_ _b"> </span>respect<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>non-volatile<span class="_ _b"> </span>ones</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">72/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4f" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4f"><div class="pc pc4f w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">Keywo<span class="_ _e"></span>rd<span class="_ _8"> </span>-<span class="_ _12"> </span>Example</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2c0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span>follo<span class="_ _6"></span>wing<span class="_ _d"> </span>co<span class="_ _c"></span>de<span class="_ _d"> </span>compiled<span class="_ _d"> </span>with<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">-O3<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>(full<span class="_ _d"> </span>optimization)<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _d"> </span>without<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">volatile</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2c1 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">w<span class="_ _6"></span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>rks<span class="_ _d"> </span>fine</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2c2 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">volatile<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span>new<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">1</span>];<span class="_ _1f"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>actual<span class="_ _12"> </span>alloction<span class="_ _20"> </span>size<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>much</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2c3 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _2b"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">pos<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>128<span class="_ _20"> </span>*<span class="_ _20"> </span>1024<span class="_ _12"> </span>/<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">);<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>larger,<span class="_ _20"> </span>typically<span class="_ _20"> </span>128<span class="_ _20"> </span>KB</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2c4 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ptr[pos]<span class="_ _31"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>4</span>;<span class="_ _3b"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y2c4 ff12 fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">A</span></div><div class="t m0 x3c he y2c4 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">segfault</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">73/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf50" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="50"><div class="pc pc50 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y144 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Explicit<span class="_ _1"> </span>T<span class="_ _4f"></span>yp<span class="_ _0"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 xd h2 y145 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Conversion</div><a class="l" href="#pf50" data-dest-detail='[80,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:149.618000px;width:241.993000px;height:24.025000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="#pf50" data-dest-detail='[80,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:120.066000px;width:125.570000px;height:19.206000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf51" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="51"><div class="pc pc51 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Cast<span class="_ _50"> </span>1/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2c5 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Old<span class="_ _7"> </span>style<span class="_ _d"> </span>cast<span class="ff4">:<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff10">(type)<span class="_ _10"> </span>value</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2c6 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">New<span class="_ _7"> </span>style<span class="_ _d"> </span>cast<span class="ff4">:</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y2c7 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">static<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _b"> </span></span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _0"></span>erfo<span class="_ _e"></span>rms<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>(not<span class="_ _d"> </span>run-time)<span class="_ _d"> </span>type<span class="_ _d"> </span>check.<span class="_ _20"> </span>This<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>safest</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h10 y2c8 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cast<span class="_ _d"> </span>as<span class="_ _d"> </span>it<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>revents<span class="_ _d"> </span>accidental/unsafe<span class="_ _d"> </span>conversions<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>etw<span class="_ _e"></span>een<span class="_ _d"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>es</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y2c9 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">const<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _b"> </span></span><span class="ff4">can<span class="_ _d"> </span>add<span class="_ _d"> </span>or<span class="_ _b"> </span>cast<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>(remove)<span class="_ _d"> </span>constness<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>volatility</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y2ca ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">reinterpret<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h10 y2cb ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">reinterpret<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast&lt;T*&gt;(v)<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">equal<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>(T*)<span class="_ _10"> </span>v</div><div class="t m0 x2e h10 y2cc ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">reinterpret<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast&lt;T&amp;&gt;(v)<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">equal<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>*((T*)<span class="_ _10"> </span>&amp;v)</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2cd ff10 fs8 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">and<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>reinterpret<span class="_ _8"> </span>cast<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4 fc0">do<span class="_ _d"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>any<span class="_ _d"> </span>CPU<span class="_ _d"> </span>instruction</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">74/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf52" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="52"><div class="pc pc52 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Cast<span class="_ _50"> </span>2/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Static<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">vs.<span class="_ _20"> </span>old<span class="_ _d"> </span>style<span class="_ _b"> </span>cast:</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d0 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a[]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>{<span class="fc5">1</span>,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">2</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">3</span>,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">4</span>};</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d1 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _1c"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _20"> </span>a;<span class="_ _44"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1d2 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>b[<span class="fc5">0</span>];<span class="_ _24"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>print<span class="_ _20"> </span>67305985<span class="_ _12"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>1!!</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y1d3 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int*<span class="_ _12"> </span>c<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>static_cast&lt;int*&gt;(a);<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff">unsafe<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2ce ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Const<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast:</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2cf ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc4">int<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span>5</span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2d0 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">const_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(a)<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3<span class="fc0">;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _20"> </span>but<span class="_ _20"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _12"> </span>behavior</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2d1 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reinterp<span class="_ _6"></span>ret<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast:<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff4">(bit-level<span class="_ _d"> </span>conversion)</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2d2 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">b<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>3.0f</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2d3 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>bit<span class="_ _20"> </span>representation<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>b:<span class="_ _20"> </span>01000000010000000000000000000000</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2d4 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">c<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;&gt;<span class="fc0">(b);</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2d5 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>bit<span class="_ _20"> </span>representation<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>c:<span class="_ _20"> </span>01000000010000000000000000000000</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">75/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf53" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="53"><div class="pc pc53 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Cast</div><div class="t m0 x2c h15 ya9 ff8 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">⋆</div><div class="t m0 x31 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">3/3</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2d6 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Print<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2d7 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc0">ptr<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y2d8 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int<span class="_ _12"> </span>x1<span class="_ _1e"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>static_cast&lt;size_t&gt;(ptr);<span class="_ _30"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _11"> </span>error<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>unsafe</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2d9 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x2<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>size_t<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(ptr);<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>ok,<span class="_ _12"> </span>same<span class="_ _20"> </span>size</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2da fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>but</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2db ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h16 y2dc fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//int<span class="_ _12"> </span>x3<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>reinterpret_cast&lt;int&gt;(v);<span class="_ _12"> </span>//<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff14">compile<span class="_ _b"> </span>erro<span class="_ _e"></span>r</span></div><div class="t m0 x45 he y2dd fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>invalid<span class="_ _20"> </span>conversion</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2de ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arra<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>reshaping</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2df ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a[<span class="fc5">3</span>][<span class="fc5">4</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2e0 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>b)[<span class="fc5">2</span>][<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>)[<span class="fc5">2</span>][<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="fc5">&gt;</span>(a);</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2e1 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">*</span>c)[<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>int<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">*</span>)[<span class="fc5">6</span>]<span class="fc5">&gt;</span>(a);</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">76/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf54" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="54"><div class="pc pc54 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>ype<span class="_ _12"> </span>Punning<span class="_ _51"> </span>1/2</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2e2 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">P<span class="_ _6"></span>ointer<span class="_ _7"> </span>Aliasing</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2e3 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">One<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _c"></span>ointer<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff1">aliases<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>another<span class="_ _d"> </span>when<span class="_ _d"> </span>they<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>oth<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _0"></span>oint<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>same<span class="_ _d"> </span>memory<span class="_ _b"> </span>lo<span class="_ _c"></span>cation</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2e4 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _7"> </span>Punning</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2e5 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _7"> </span>punning<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">refers<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _7"> </span>circumvent<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>system<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>p<span class="_ _6"></span>rogramming<span class="_ _d"> </span>language<span class="_ _d"> </span>to</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2e6 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">achieve<span class="_ _b"> </span>an<span class="_ _d"> </span>effect<span class="_ _b"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>would<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>difficult<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _b"> </span>imp<span class="_ _0"></span>ossible<span class="_ _b"> </span>to<span class="_ _b"> </span>achieve<span class="_ _d"> </span>within<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ounds<span class="_ _b"> </span>of</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2e7 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the<span class="_ _d"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>rmal<span class="_ _d"> </span>language</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2e8 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _b"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _d"> </span>assumes<span class="_ _b"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff1e">strict<span class="_ _7"> </span>aliasing<span class="_ _7"> </span>rule<span class="_ _b"> </span><span class="ff11">is<span class="_ _d"> </span>never<span class="_ _d"> </span>violated<span class="_ _0"></span></span></span>:<span class="_ _20"> </span>Accessing<span class="_ _b"> </span>a<span class="_ _b"> </span>value</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2e9 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">using<span class="_ _b"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _b"> </span>which<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _b"> </span>different<span class="_ _d"> </span>from<span class="_ _b"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>original<span class="_ _b"> </span>one<span class="_ _b"> </span>is<span class="_ _b"> </span>not<span class="_ _d"> </span>allow<span class="_ _e"></span>ed<span class="_ _d"> </span>and<span class="_ _b"> </span>it<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _b"> </span>classified<span class="_ _d"> </span>as</div><div class="t m0 x1 h11 y2ea ff11 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">undefined<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ehavio<span class="_ _6"></span>r</div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">77/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf55" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="55"><div class="pc pc55 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _4"></span>ype<span class="_ _12"> </span>Punning<span class="_ _51"> </span>2/2</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11c fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>slow<span class="_ _20"> </span>without<span class="_ _20"> </span>optimizations.<span class="_ _12"> </span>The<span class="_ _20"> </span>branch<span class="_ _20"> </span>breaks<span class="_ _12"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>CPU<span class="_ _20"> </span>instruction<span class="_ _20"> </span>pipeline</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">abs<span class="fc0">(</span></span>float<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y11e ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">(x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span>0.0f</span>)<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">?<span class="_ _20"> </span>-</span>x<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">:<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>x;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11f ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y1f7 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>optimized<span class="_ _20"> </span>by<span class="_ _20"> </span>hand</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y121 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">abs<span class="fc0">(</span></span>float<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">x)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y122 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">uvalue<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span></span><span class="fc8">reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span></span>unsigned<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;&gt;<span class="fc0">(x);</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1f8 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">tmp<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>uvalue<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _20"> </span>0x7FFFFFFF</span>;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>clear<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _12"> </span>last<span class="_ _20"> </span>bit</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y123 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">return<span class="_ _12"> </span>reinterpret_cast<span class="ffc fc5">&lt;</span><span class="fc4">float<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;&gt;<span class="fc0">(tmp);</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y124 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2eb fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>this<span class="_ _20"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _12"> </span>behavior!!</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2ec ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">GCC<span class="_ _b"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>arning<span class="_ _11"> </span>(not<span class="_ _b"> </span>clang):<span class="_ _4a"> </span><span class="ff10">-Wstrict-aliasing</span></div><div class="t m0 x42 hf y2ed ff1f fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffc">blog.qt.io/blog/2011/06/10/type-punning-and-strict-aliasing</span></div><div class="t m0 x42 hf y2ee ff1f fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffc">What<span class="_ _12"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>the<span class="_ _20"> </span>Strict<span class="_ _12"> </span>Aliasing<span class="_ _20"> </span>Rule<span class="_ _20"> </span>and<span class="_ _20"> </span>Why<span class="_ _12"> </span>do<span class="_ _20"> </span>we<span class="_ _20"> </span>care?</span></div><div class="t m0 x42 hf y2ef ff1f fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fcb sc0">•</span><span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ffc"><span class="fcb sc0">Type</span><span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fcb sc0">Punning</span><span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fcb sc0">In</span><span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fcb sc0">C++17</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">78/86</div><a class="l" href="https://blog.qt.io/blog/2011/06/10/type-punning-and-strict-aliasing/"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.168000px;bottom:15.984000px;width:279.726000px;height:10.212000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://gist.github.com/shafik/848ae25ee209f698763cffee272a58f8"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.168000px;bottom:1.389000px;width:246.775000px;height:9.366000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CppCon/CppCon2017/master/Presentations/Type%20Punning%20In%20C%2B%2B17%20-%20Avoiding%20Pun-defined%20Behavior/Type%20Punning%20In%20C%2B%2B17%20-%20Avoiding%20Pun-defined%20Behavior%20-%20Scott%20Schurr%20-%20CppCon%202017.pdf"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:49.168000px;bottom:-13.206000px;width:100.847000px;height:9.365000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf56" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="56"><div class="pc pc56 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">memcpy<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">and<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>std::bit<span class="_ _12"> </span>cast</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2f0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _d"> </span>right<span class="_ _d"> </span>w<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>avoid<span class="_ _d"> </span>undefined<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>ehavior<span class="_ _b"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>using<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff5">memcpy</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2f1 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>32.3f</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2f2 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v2;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2f3 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">std<span class="fc5">::</span>memcpy(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>v2,<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&amp;</span>v1,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span>(<span class="ff5 fc4">float</span>));</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2f4 fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>v1,<span class="_ _20"> </span>v2<span class="_ _20"> </span>must<span class="_ _12"> </span>be<span class="_ _20"> </span>trivially<span class="_ _20"> </span>copyable</div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y2f5 ff4 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="fc0">p<span class="_ _6"></span>rovides<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff5">std::bit<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>safe<span class="_ _d"> </span>conversion<span class="_ _7"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>replacing<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">reinterpret<span class="_ _7"> </span>cast</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2f6 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">float<span class="_ _2c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v1<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span>32.3f</span>;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y2f7 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">unsigned<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">v2<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc5">=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>std<span class="fc5">::</span>bit_cast<span class="fc5">&lt;</span></span>unsigned<span class="ffc fc5">&gt;<span class="fc0">(v1);</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">79/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf57" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="57"><div class="pc pc57 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 xd h2 y26 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">Op<span class="_ _0"></span>erato<span class="_ _4"></span>r</span></div><a class="l" href="#pf57" data-dest-detail='[87,"XYZ",27.346,256.118,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:105.775000px;bottom:132.432000px;width:190.546000px;height:24.026000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf58" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="58"><div class="pc pc58 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">op<span class="_ _c"></span>erator</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h12 ycc ff5 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2f8 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10 fc7">sizeof<span class="_ _23"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile-time<span class="_ _d"> </span>op<span class="_ _c"></span>erato<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>that<span class="_ _d"> </span>determines<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>size,<span class="_ _d"> </span>in<span class="_ _d"> </span>bytes,<span class="_ _b"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 x28 h10 y2f9 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">va<span class="_ _6"></span>riable<span class="_ _d"> </span>o<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>data<span class="_ _d"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y2fa ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">sizeof<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">returns<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>value<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff10">size<span class="_ _8"> </span>t</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y2fb ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">sizeof(anything)<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">never<span class="_ _d"> </span>returns<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>0<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff4">(<span class="ff1">*</span>except<span class="_ _d"> </span>fo<span class="_ _6"></span>r<span class="_ _d"> </span>arra<span class="_ _e"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>size<span class="_ _d"> </span>0)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y2fc ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">sizeof(char)<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">alw<span class="_ _6"></span>a<span class="_ _6"></span>ys<span class="_ _d"> </span>returns<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff10">1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y2fd ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">When<span class="_ _d"> </span>applied<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>structures,<span class="_ _d"> </span>it<span class="_ _d"> </span>also<span class="_ _d"> </span>tak<span class="_ _6"></span>es<span class="_ _d"> </span>into<span class="_ _d"> </span>account<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>internal<span class="_ _d"> </span>padding</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y2fe ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">When<span class="_ _d"> </span>applied<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>reference,<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>result<span class="_ _d"> </span>is<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>size<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>the<span class="_ _d"> </span>referenced<span class="_ _d"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y2ff ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">sizeof(incomplete<span class="_ _10"> </span>type)<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _c"></span>duces<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r,<span class="_ _d"> </span>e.g.<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ff10">void</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h10 y300 ff13 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff10">sizeof(bitfield<span class="_ _10"> </span>member)<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">p<span class="_ _6"></span>ro<span class="_ _c"></span>duces<span class="_ _d"> </span>compile<span class="_ _d"> </span>erro<span class="_ _6"></span>r</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y301 ff1 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">*<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="ffc">gcc<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="ffd">allo<span class="_ _6"></span>ws<span class="_ _11"> </span>arra<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _11"> </span>of<span class="_ _b"> </span>size<span class="_ _11"> </span>0<span class="_ _b"> </span>(not<span class="_ _11"> </span>allow<span class="_ _e"></span>ed<span class="_ _b"> </span>b<span class="_ _6"></span>y<span class="_ _11"> </span>the<span class="_ _b"> </span>C++<span class="_ _11"> </span>standard)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">80/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf59" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="59"><div class="pc pc59 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _12"> </span>P<span class="_ _e"></span>ointer<span class="_ _52"> </span>1/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11c ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc0">);<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>4<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11d ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _20"> </span>on<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _20"> </span>OS</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11e ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="fc0">)<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _20"> </span>on<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _20"> </span>OS</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y11f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(</span><span class="fc4">size_t<span class="ffc fc0">)<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>8<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _12"> </span>on<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _12"> </span>OS</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y302 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc7">f<span class="fc0">(</span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[]<span class="_ _20"> </span>array)<span class="_ _20"> </span>{<span class="_ _49"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>dangerous!!</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y303 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array);</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y304 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">}</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y305 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array1[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y306 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">array2<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span></span><span class="fc8">new<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>int<span class="ffc fc0">[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y307 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array1);<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>sizeof(int)<span class="_ _20"> </span>*<span class="_ _20"> </span>10<span class="_ _12"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>40<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y308 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cout<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc5">&lt;&lt;<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff5 fc8">sizeof</span></span>(array2);<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>sizeof(int*)<span class="_ _20"> </span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span>8<span class="_ _12"> </span>bytes</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y309 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">f(array1);<span class="_ _53"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _20"> </span>(64-bit<span class="_ _12"> </span>OS)</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">81/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5a" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5a"><div class="pc pc5a w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>struct<span class="_ _54"> </span><span class="ff1">2/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y30a ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y30b ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">x;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>4-byte<span class="_ _7"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y30c ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">y;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>4</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y30d ff1c fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y30e ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ff1c fc0">(A);<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>8<span class="_ _7"> </span>bytes:<span class="_ _8"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _8"> </span>(+<span class="_ _7"> </span>3<span class="_ _8"> </span>padding),<span class="_ _8"> </span>must<span class="_ _8"> </span>be<span class="_ _8"> </span>aligned<span class="_ _8"> </span>to<span class="_ _7"> </span>its<span class="_ _8"> </span>largest<span class="_ _8"> </span>member</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y30f ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc7">B<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y310 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _2e"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">x;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _8"> </span>0<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>4-byte<span class="_ _7"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y311 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">y;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>1-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y312 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">z;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>6<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>2-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y313 ff1c fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y314 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ff1c fc0">(B);<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>8<span class="_ _7"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _8"> </span>:<span class="_ _8"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _7"> </span>(+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _8"> </span>padding)<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y315 ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fc7">C<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y316 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">short<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">z;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>0<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>2-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y317 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _2e"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">x;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _8"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>4-byte<span class="_ _7"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h19 y318 ff5 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _28"> </span><span class="ff1c fc0">y;<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>offset<span class="_ _7"> </span>8<span class="_ _8"> </span>-&gt;<span class="_ _8"> </span>1-byte<span class="_ _8"> </span>alignment</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y319 ff1c fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 h19 y31a ff5 fs6 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ff1c fc0">(C);<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _8"> </span>12<span class="_ _7"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _8"> </span>:<span class="_ _8"> </span>2<span class="_ _8"> </span>(+<span class="_ _8"> </span>2<span class="_ _7"> </span>padding)<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>4<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _8"> </span>1<span class="_ _8"> </span>+<span class="_ _7"> </span>(+<span class="_ _8"> </span>3<span class="_ _8"> </span>padding)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">82/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5b" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5b"><div class="pc pc5b w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _12"> </span>Reference<span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _12"> </span>Arra<span class="_ _e"></span>y<span class="_ _55"> </span>3/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y31b ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">a;</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y31c ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">b<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>=<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fc0">a;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y31d ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(<span class="fc5">&amp;</span>a);<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes<span class="_ _20"> </span>in<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>64-bit<span class="_ _20"> </span>OS<span class="_ _12"> </span>(pointer)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y31e ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(b);<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>1<span class="_ _20"> </span>byte,<span class="_ _20"> </span>equal<span class="_ _12"> </span>to<span class="_ _20"> </span>sizeof(char)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd he y31f fff fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>NOTE:<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _20"> </span>reference<span class="_ _12"> </span>is<span class="_ _20"> </span>not<span class="_ _20"> </span>a<span class="_ _12"> </span>pointer</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y320 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">S1<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y321 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">void<span class="ffc fc5">*<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">p;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y322 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y323 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(S1);<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y324 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">S2<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y325 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">char<span class="ffc fc5">&amp;<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc0">c;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y326 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y327 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(S2);<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>8<span class="_ _20"> </span>bytes,<span class="_ _20"> </span>same<span class="_ _12"> </span>as<span class="_ _20"> </span>sizeof(void*)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y328 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(S2{}.c);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>1<span class="_ _20"> </span>byte</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">83/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5c" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5c"><div class="pc pc5c w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">-<span class="_ _12"> </span>Sp<span class="_ _c"></span>ecial<span class="_ _8"> </span>Cases<span class="_ _29"> </span>4/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y329 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{};</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y32a ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(A);<span class="_ _30"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>1<span class="_ _20"> </span>:<span class="_ _20"> </span>sizeof<span class="_ _12"> </span>never<span class="_ _20"> </span>return<span class="_ _20"> </span>0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y32b ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A<span class="_ _12"> </span>array1[<span class="fc5">10</span>];</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y32c ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(array1);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>1<span class="_ _20"> </span>:<span class="_ _12"> </span>array<span class="_ _20"> </span>of<span class="_ _20"> </span>empty<span class="_ _12"> </span>structures</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y32d ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">array2[<span class="fc5">0</span>];<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>only<span class="_ _20"> </span>gcc,<span class="_ _12"> </span>compiler<span class="_ _20"> </span>error<span class="_ _20"> </span>for<span class="_ _12"> </span>other<span class="_ _20"> </span>compiler</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y32e ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="ffc fc0">(array2);<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _20"> </span>0<span class="_ _20"> </span>:<span class="_ _12"> </span>special<span class="_ _20"> </span>case</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">84/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5d" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5d"><div class="pc pc5d w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4wAAAH/CAIAAACTgcSzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAJUElEQVR42u3dMW4TQRiGYS/aEdWIM6BUuUAiElFQIKFIjuRTcQlO4cItBSkiXyBNbkAV/RUjr0yRzqCAcExmxs9Trpvxt82r3WKHk/PLGQAAVOP+9uaVFQAAqI1IBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAJoydvzf7r59/e310/cfur+vx/zfAYAODCfnl1YAAKAe97c3XvcDAFAdkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAAI0ZSilWAACgHiklT1IBAKiOSAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAEDvRhPUJiKMQMdyzkYA4I88SQUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAgMaMJuDvbabpYr749fp6tfQ3AYBnNJRSrFCViDACHcs5GwGAp6WUvO4HAKA6IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAdvgsKgAAdfFZVAAAaiRSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAICjMjZ01ohwwwAA/k3OuaHTepIKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBINQEAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAAAQqQAAiFQAABCpAACIVAAAEKkAAIhUAAAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAEKkAACBSAQAQqQAAIFIBABCpAAAgUgEAQKQCACBSAQBApAIAIFIBAECkAgAgUgEAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAECkAgCASAUAQKQCAIBIBQBApAIAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAADsZyilWAEAgHqklDxJBQCgOiIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAvRtNcAgRYQQOLedsBAB65UkqAAAiFQAARCoAACIVAABEKgAAIhUAAEQqAAAiFQAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAVGY0Qa8203QxX+xcXK+WrZz/7Oq63cMDAHsaSilWeHYRYQQOLedsBAC6lFLyuh8AgOqIVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAAEQqAACIVAAARCoAALw0X5wCAKAuvjgFAECNxobOGhFuGDzKORsBgI55kgoAgEgFAACRCgCASAUAAJEKAIBIBQAAkQoAgEgFAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAgGM3mqBLm2m6mC92Lq5Xy1bOf3Z13e7hAYD9DaWUVs4aEW4YPMo5GwGAXqWUvO4HAKA6IhUAAJEKAAAiFQAAkQoAACIVAACRCgAAIhUAAJEKAAAvraUvTgEAcAx8cQoAgBqJVAAARCoAAIhUAABEKgAAiFQAALozPnx+awUAAP6n7x+/PPHr6btPw/Dm9fbhx2y23W7NBQBAFX4CjG9k9GH/bNAAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[no<span class="_ _12"> </span>unique<span class="_ _12"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _56"> </span><span class="ff1">5/5</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 y56 ff4 fs8 fcc sc0 ls0 ws0">C++20<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff5 fc0">[[no<span class="_ _7"> </span>unique<span class="_ _8"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _23"> </span><span class="ff4">allows<span class="_ _b"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>structure<span class="_ _d"> </span>memb<span class="_ _c"></span>er<span class="_ _d"> </span>to<span class="_ _d"> </span>b<span class="_ _c"></span>e<span class="_ _d"> </span>overlapp<span class="_ _c"></span>ed<span class="_ _d"> </span>with</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h10 yb0 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">other<span class="_ _d"> </span>data<span class="_ _d"> </span>memb<span class="_ _c"></span>ers<span class="_ _d"> </span>of<span class="_ _d"> </span>a<span class="_ _d"> </span>different<span class="_ _d"> </span>t<span class="_ _6"></span>yp<span class="_ _c"></span>e</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y10f ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">Empty<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{};<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>empty<span class="_ _20"> </span>class,<span class="_ _20"> </span>sizeof(Empty)<span class="_ _12"> </span>==<span class="_ _20"> </span>1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x28 he y111 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">A<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>sizeof(A)<span class="_ _20"> </span>==<span class="_ _12"> </span>5<span class="_ _20"> </span>(4<span class="_ _20"> </span>+<span class="_ _12"> </span>1)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y112 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y113 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Empty<span class="_ _12"> </span>e;</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y114 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y116 ff5 fs7 fc8 sc0 ls0 ws0">struct<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="fc7">B<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">{<span class="_ _2a"> </span><span class="fff fc6">//<span class="_ _12"> </span>sizeof(B)<span class="_ _20"> </span>==<span class="_ _12"> </span>4,<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>e<span class="ff16">&apos;<span class="_ _20"> </span></span>overlaps<span class="_ _12"> </span>with<span class="_ _20"> </span><span class="ff16">&apos;</span>i<span class="ff16">&apos;</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y117 ff5 fs7 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">int<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ffc fc0">i;</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 he y127 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[no_unique_address]]<span class="_ _12"> </span>Empty<span class="_ _20"> </span>e;</div><div class="t m0 x28 he y118 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">};</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y32f ffd fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Notes:<span class="_ _47"> </span><span class="ffc">[[no<span class="_ _d"> </span>unique<span class="_ _b"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _2f"> </span></span>is<span class="_ _11"> </span>ignored<span class="_ _11"> </span>by<span class="_ _11"> </span>MSVC<span class="_ _11"> </span>even<span class="_ _11"> </span>in<span class="_ _b"> </span>C++20<span class="_ _11"> </span>mo<span class="_ _c"></span>de;<span class="_ _b"> </span>instead,</div><div class="t m0 x28 hf y330 ffc fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[[msvc::no<span class="_ _b"> </span>unique<span class="_ _b"> </span>address]]<span class="_ _2f"> </span><span class="ffd">is<span class="_ _b"> </span>p<span class="_ _e"></span>rovided</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">85/86</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5e" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5e"><div class="pc pc5e w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"/><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">sizeof<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff1">and<span class="_ _12"> </span>Size<span class="_ _8"> </span>of<span class="_ _12"> </span>a<span class="_ _8"> </span>Byte</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y331 ffa fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Interesting:<span class="_ _a"> </span>C++<span class="_ _7"> </span>do<span class="_ _c"></span>es<span class="_ _7"> </span>not<span class="_ _7"> </span>explicitly<span class="_ _7"> </span>define<span class="_ _7"> </span>the<span class="_ _7"> </span>size<span class="_ _7"> </span>of<span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _7"> </span>byte<span class="_ _d"> </span>(see<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff10 fs4">Exotic</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y332 ff10 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">architectures<span class="_ _a"> </span>the<span class="_ _5"> </span>standards<span class="_ _a"> </span>committees<span class="_ _a"> </span>care<span class="_ _5"> </span>about<span class="ffa fs3">)</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 ha y10 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">86/86</div><a class="l" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6971886/exotic-architectures-the-standards-committees-care-about"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:352.431000px;bottom:124.362000px;width:73.762000px;height:13.948000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6971886/exotic-architectures-the-standards-committees-care-about"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:27.350000px;bottom:108.322000px;width:258.281000px;height:13.948000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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