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April 2022 - Update 1

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Many small improvements, several typos fixed, and flow refactoring, including:
- Introduction: update references
- Basic Concepts I: average computation reference, improved catastrofic cancellation, added compensation algorithms, added C++ standards compatibility note, moving implicit promotion, reorganized floating-point section
- Basic III: parenthesis and brackets, better description for alignment in sizeof
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# Modern C++ Programming # # Modern C++ Programming
<img src="other/cpp_logo.png" /> <img src="other/cpp_logo.png" />
## C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / (C++20) ## ## C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / (C++20)
This *open-access* course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming towards a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts. This *open-access* course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming towards a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts.
@ -18,27 +19,27 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
[![stars - Modern-CPP-Programming](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=social)](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming) [![stars - Modern-CPP-Programming](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=social)](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming)
## CHAPTERS ## ## CHAPTERS
| | TITLE | MAIN FOCUS | | | TITLE | MAIN FOCUS |
| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **1** | **[Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)** | History of C/C++, Areas of Applications, Course introduction | | **1** | **[Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)** | History of C/C++, Areas of Applications, Course introduction |
| **2** | **[Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)** | Integral data types, floating-point, operators, and conversion | | **2** | **[Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)** | Integral data types, floating-point, operators, and conversion |
| **3** | **[Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)** | Enumerators, structures, control flow statements | | **3** | **[Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)** | Enumerators, structures, control flow statements |
| **4** | **[Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)** | Heap, Stack, pointers, references, const property, conversion operators | | **4** | **[Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)** | Heap, Stack, pointers, references, const property, conversion operators |
| **5** | **[Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)** | Functions, lambda expressions, preprocessing directives | | **5** | **[Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)** | Functions, lambda expressions, preprocessing directives |
| **6** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)** | Class hierarchy, constructor, destructor, class keywords | | **6** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)** | Class hierarchy, constructor, destructor, class keywords |
| **7** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)** | Polymorphism, operators overloading | | **7** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)** | Polymorphism, operators overloading |
| **8** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)** | Function template, type traits | | **8** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)** | Function template, type traits |
| **9** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)** | Class template, SFINAE | | **9** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)** | Class template, SFINAE
| **10** | **[Translation Units](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units.pdf)** | Dealing with multiple translation units and files, namespace | | **10** | **[Translation Units](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units.pdf)** | Dealing with multiple translation units and files, namespace |
| **11** | **[Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Code_Convention.pdf)** | Project organization and main code conventions | | **11** | **[Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Code_Convention.pdf)** | Project organization and main code conventions |
| **12** | **[Ecosystem](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Ecosystem.pdf)** | Debugging, testing, building, documenting tools | | **12** | **[Ecosystem](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Ecosystem.pdf)** | Debugging, testing, building, documenting tools |
| **13** | **[Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Utilities.pdf)** | Main `std` libraries | | **13** | **[Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Utilities.pdf)** | Main `std` libraries |
| **14** | **[Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)** | Containers, iterators, algorithms | | **14** | **[Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)** | Containers, iterators, algorithms |
| **15** | **[Advanced Topics](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Advanced_Topics.pdf)** | Move semantics, error handling, C++ idioms | | **15** | **[Advanced Topics](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Advanced_Topics.pdf)** | Move semantics, error handling, C++ idioms |
| **16** | **[Optimization I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Optimization_I.pdf)** | Code optimizations, e.g. arithmetic, memory, etc. | | **16** | **[Optimization I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Optimization_I.pdf)** | Code optimizations, e.g. arithmetic, memory, etc. |
| **17** | **[Optimization II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Optimization_II.pdf)** | Compiler optimizations, profiling and benchmarking tools | | **17** | **[Optimization II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Optimization_II.pdf)** | Compiler optimizations, profiling and benchmarking tools |
## TOPICS ## TOPICS
@ -56,23 +57,23 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **Hello World**: I/O Stream * **Hello World**: I/O Stream
* **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, Pointer type and `nullptr` * **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, Pointer type and `nullptr`
* **Conversion Rules** * **Conversion Rules**
* **`auto` declaration**
* **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement, Assignment, Compound , and comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>` * **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement, Assignment, Compound , and comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>`
* **Integral Data Types**: Fixed width integers, When use signed/unsigned integer? Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior * **Integral Data Types**: Fixed width integers and `size_t`, When use signed/unsigned integer? Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior
* **Floating-point Types and Arithmetic**: Normal/Denormal values, Not a Number (`NaN`), Infinity, Properties * **Floating-point Types and Arithmetic**: Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (`NaN`), Summary, Properties
* **Floating-point Issues**: Floating-point comparison, Catastrophic cancellation * **Floating-point Issues**: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison
**[3. Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)** **[3. Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)**
* **Enumerators** * **Enumerators**
* **`struct`, `union`, and Bitfield** * **`struct`, Bitfield, `union`
* **`using`, `decltype`, and `auto`** * **Control Flow**: `if` Statement, `for` Loop, Range-base `for` loop, `switch`, `goto`
* **Control Flow**: `if` Statement, `for` Loop, `switch`, `goto`
**[4. Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)** **[4. Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
* **Heap and Stack**: Stack Memory, `new`, `delete`, Memory Leak * **Heap and Stack**: Stack Memory, `new`, `delete`, Memory Leak
* **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Structure initialization, Fixed-size array initialization, Dynamic array initialization * **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Fixed-size array initialization, Structure initialization, Dynamic array initialization
* **Pointers and References**: Pointer, Address-of operator `&`, Reference * **Pointers and References**: Pointer Operations, Address-of operator `&`, Reference
* **`const`, `constexpr`, `consteval`, `constinit`** * **`const`, `constexpr`, `consteval`, `constinit`**
* **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type punning * **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type punning
* `sizeof` Operator * `sizeof` Operator
@ -80,15 +81,15 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
**[5. Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)** **[5. Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
* **Declaration and Definition** * **Declaration and Definition**
* **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Overloading, Default parameters, Attributes * **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and Overloading, Default parameters, Attributes
* **Function Objects and Lambda Expressions**: Function pointer, Function object (or Functor), Capture list, Other features, Capture list and classes * **Function Objects and Lambda Expressions**: Function pointer, Function object (or Functor), Capture list, Other features, Capture list and classes
* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Useful macro, Stringizing operator (`#`), `#pragma` and `#error`, Token-Pasting Operator (`##`), Variadic Macro * **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Useful macro, Stringizing operator (`#`), `#pragma` and `#error`, Token-Pasting Operator (`##`), Variadic Macro
**[6. C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)** **[6. C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
* **C++ Classes** * **C++ Classes**: RAII Idiom
* **Class Hierarchy**: Access specifiers, Inheritance access specifiers * **Class Hierarchy**: Access specifiers, Inheritance access specifiers
* **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Initializer list, Uniform initialization, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword * **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword
* **Copy Constructor** * **Copy Constructor**
* **Class Destructor** * **Class Destructor**
* **Defaulted Members** (`= default`) * **Defaulted Members** (`= default`)
@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **Polymorphism**: `virtual` methods, Virtual table, `override` keyword, `final` keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface * **Polymorphism**: `virtual` methods, Virtual table, `override` keyword, `final` keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface
* **Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification** * **Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification**
* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Subscript operator `[]`, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>` Function call operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator Notes * **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Subscript operator `[]`, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>` Function call operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator Notes
* **C++ Special Objects**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy * **C++ Special Objects**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy
**[8. C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)** **[8. C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)**
@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **Type Traits**: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation, Type relation and transformation * **Type Traits**: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation, Type relation and transformation
* **Template Parameters**: Overview, Special cases * **Template Parameters**: Overview, Special cases
**[9. C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/9.Templates_II.pdf)** **[9. C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)**
* **Class Template**: Class specialization, Class + Function - specialization, `friend` keyword, Dependent names, Template variable * **Class Template**: Class specialization, Class + Function - specialization, `friend` keyword, Dependent names, Template variable
* **Template Meta-Programming** * **Template Meta-Programming**
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2. Software Design Chapter 2. Software Design Chapter
3. Build Aspects Chapter (e.g. reducing build time) 3. Build Aspects Chapter (e.g. reducing build time)
### Essential Tool ### ### Essential Tool
Online compiler and execution: [CompilerExplorer](https://godbolt.org/) Online compiler and execution: [CompilerExplorer](https://godbolt.org/)
* for code execution: [Add new..] -> [execution only] * for code execution: [Add new..] -> [execution only]
### Reporting bugs and contributing ### ### Reporting bugs and contributing
If you find any typos, conceptual errors, or sections to improve, please report them by writing directly to me or by using the `issue` panel If you find any typos, conceptual errors, or sections to improve, please report them by writing directly to me or by using the `issue` panel
## Author ## ## Author
`Federico Busato` `Federico Busato`