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@ -42,29 +42,29 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
## CHAPTERS
| | TITLE | MAIN FOCUS |
| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **1** | **[Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)** | History of C/C++, Areas of Applications, Course introduction |
| **2** | **[Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)** | Integral data types, floating-point, operators, and conversion |
| **3** | **[Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)** | Enumerators, structures, control flow statements |
| **4** | **[Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)** | Heap, Stack, pointers, references, const properties, conversion operators |
| **5** | **[Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)** | Functions, lambda expressions, preprocessing directives |
| **6** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)** | Class hierarchy, constructor, destructor, class keywords |
| **7** | **[C++ Object Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)** | Polymorphism, operators overloading |
| **8** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)** | Function template, type traits |
| **9** | **[C++ Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)** | Class template, SFINAE |
| **10** | **[Translation Units I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units_I.pdf)** | Linkage and One Definition Rule |
| **11** | **[Translation Units II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Translation_Units_II.pdf)** | Dealing with multiple translation units and files,  `#include`, and modules |
| **12** | **[Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Code_Convention.pdf)** | Project organization and main code conventions |
| **13** | **[Ecosystem I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Ecosystem_I.pdf)** | Debugging, and testing |
| **14** | **[Ecosystem II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Ecosystem_II.pdf)** | Cmake, documenting, and other Tools |
| **15** | **[Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Utilities.pdf)** | Main `std` libraries |
| **16** | **[Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)** | Containers, iterators, algorithms, ranges |
| **17** | **[Advanced Topics I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf)** | Move semantics, universal reference, type deduction |
| **18** | **[Advanced Topics II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf)** | Error handling, C++ idioms, smart pointers |
| **19** | **[Optimization I - Basic Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Optimization_I.pdf)** | Ahmdal Law, performance bounds, architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), memory hierarchy |
| **20** | **[Optimization II - Code Optimization](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Optimization_II.pdf)** | Arithmetic optimizations, memory optimizations, etc. |
| **21** | **[Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Optimization_III.pdf)** | Compiler optimizations, profiling and benchmarking tools |
| | TITLE | MAIN FOCUS |
| ------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **1** | **[Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)** | History of C/C++, Areas of Applications, Course introduction |
| **2** | **[Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)** | Integral data types, floating-point, operators, and conversion |
| **3** | **[Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)** | Enumerators, structures, control flow statements |
| **4** | **[Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)** | Heap, Stack, pointers, references, const properties, conversion operators |
| **5** | **[Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)** | Functions, lambda expressions, preprocessing directives |
| **6** | **[Object Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)** | Class hierarchy, constructor, destructor, class keywords |
| **7** | **[Object Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)** | Polymorphism, operators overloading |
| **8** | **[Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)** | Function template, type traits |
| **9** | **[Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)** | Class template, SFINAE |
| **10** | **[Translation Units I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units_I.pdf)** | Linkage and One Definition Rule |
| **11** | **[Translation Units II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Translation_Units_II.pdf)** | Dealing with multiple translation units and files,  `#include`, and modules |
| **12** | **[Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Code_Convention.pdf)** | Project organization and main code conventions |
| **13** | **[Ecosystem I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Ecosystem_I.pdf)** | Debugging, and testing |
| **14** | **[Ecosystem II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Ecosystem_II.pdf)** | Cmake, documenting, and other Tools |
| **15** | **[Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Utilities.pdf)** | Main `std` libraries |
| **16** | **[Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)** | Containers, iterators, algorithms, ranges |
| **17** | **[Advanced Topics I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf)** | Move semantics, universal reference, type deduction |
| **18** | **[Advanced Topics II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf)** | Error handling, C++ idioms, smart pointers |
| **19** | **[Optimization I - Basic Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Optimization_I.pdf)** | Ahmdal Law, performance bounds, architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), memory hierarchy |
| **20** | **[Optimization II - Code Optimization](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Optimization_II.pdf)** | Arithmetic optimizations, memory optimizations, etc. |
| **21** | **[Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Optimization_III.pdf)** | Compiler optimizations, profiling and benchmarking tools |
## TOPICS IN DETAILS
@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, Pointer type and `nullptr`
* **Conversion Rules**
* **`auto` declaration**
* **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement, Assignment, Compound , and comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>` , Safe Comparison Operators
* **Integral Data Types**: Fixed width integers and `size_t`, When use signed/unsigned integer? Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior
* **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement, Assignment, Compound , and Comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>` , Safe Comparison Operators
* **Integral Data Types**: Fixed width integers, `size_t` and`ptrdiff_t`, When use signed/unsigned integer? Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior
* **Floating-point Types and Arithmetic**: Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (`NaN`), Summary, Properties
* **Floating-point Issues**: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison
@ -98,49 +98,49 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
**[4. Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
* **Heap and Stack**: Stack Memory, `new`, `delete`, Non-allocating placement allocation, Non-throwing allocation, Memory leak
* **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Fixed-size array initialization, Structure initialization, Dynamic array initialization
* **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Fixed-size array initialization, Structure initialization, Dynamic memory initialization
* **Pointers and References**: Pointer Operations, Address-of operator `&`, Reference
* **Constant and Literals, `const`, `constexpr`, `consteval`, `constinit`**
* **Constant and Literals, `const`, `constexpr`, `consteval`, `constinit`**, `if constexpr`, `std::is constant evaluated()`, `if consteval`
* **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type punning
* `sizeof` Operator
**[5. Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
* **Declaration and Definition**
* **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and Overloading, Default parameters, Attributes
* **Function Objects and Lambda Expressions**: Function pointer, Function object (or Functor), Capture list, Other features, Capture list and classes
* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Useful macro, Stringizing operator (`#`), `#pragma` and `#error`, Token-Pasting Operator (`##`), Variadic Macro
* **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and Overloading, Overloading and `=delete`, Default parameters, Attributes
* **Function Pointer and Function Objects**
* **Lambda Expressions**: Capture list, Other features, Capture list and classes
* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Useful macro, Stringizing operator (`#`), `#error` and `warning`, `#pragma`, Token-Pasting Operator (`##`), Variadic Macro
**[6. C++ Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
**[6. Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
* **C++ Classes**: RAII Idiom
* **Class Hierarchy**: Access specifiers, Inheritance access specifiers
* **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword
* **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword, `[[nodiscard]]` and classes
* **Copy Constructor**
* **Class Destructor**
* **Defaulted Members** (`= default`)
* **Defaulted Constructors, Destructor, and Operators** (`= default`)
* **Class Keywords**: `this`, `static`, `const`, `mutable`, `using`, `friend`, `delete`
**[7. C++ Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
**[7. Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
* **Polymorphism**: `virtual` methods, Virtual table, `override` keyword, `final` keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface
* **Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification**
* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Subscript operator `[]`, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>`, Function call operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator Notes
* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>`, Subscript operator `[]`, Multidimensional Subscript operator `[]`, Function call operator `()`, static operator `[]` and operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator Notes
* **C++ Special Objects**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy
**[8. C++ Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)**
**[8. Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)**
* **Function Template**: Overview, Template parameters, Template parameter - default value, Specialization, Overloading
* **Template Variable**
* **Template Parameter Types**: Template Parameter Types, Generic Type Notes,
`auto` Placeholder, Class template parameter type, Array and pointer types, Function type
* **Template Parameter Types**: Generic Type Notes, `auto` Placeholder, Class template parameter type, Array and pointer types, Function type
* **Compile-Time Utilities**: `static_assert`, `decltype` Keyword, `using` Keyword
* **Type Traits**: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation
**[9. C++ Templates and Meta-programming II -  - Class Templates and SFINAE](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)**
**[9. Templates and Meta-programming II -  - Class Templates and SFINAE](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_II.pdf)**
* **Class Template**: Class specialization
* **Class Template - Advanced Concepts**: Class + Function - Specialization, Dependent Names - `typename` and `template` Keywords, `friend` Keyword, Template Template Arguments
* **Class Template**: Class specialization, Template class constructor
* **Class Template - Advanced Concepts**: Class + Function - Specialization, Dependent Names - `typename` and `template` Keywords, Class template hierarchy and `using`, `friend` Keyword, Template Template Arguments
* **Template Meta-Programming**
* **SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error**: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE, Class + Function SFINAE
* **Variadic Template**: Folding Expression, Variadic class template
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
**[12. Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Code_Convention.pdf)**
* **C++ Project Organization**: Project directories, Project files, `src/include` directories
* **C++ Project Organization**: Project directories, Project files, `src/include` directories, Alternative project organization
* **Coding Styles and Conventions**
* **`#include`**
* **Macro and Preprocessing**
@ -178,7 +178,8 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **Control Flow**
* **Modern C++ Features**
* **Maintainability**
* **Naming and Formatting**
* **Naming**
* **Reabability and Formatting**
* **Code Documentation**
**[13. Ecosystem I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Ecosystem_I.pdf)**
@ -189,8 +190,9 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **Memory Debugging**: `valgrind`, Stack protection
* **Sanitizers**: Address sanitizer, Leak sanitizer, Memory sanitizers, Undefined behavior sanitizer
* **Debugging Summary**
* **Code Checking and Analysis**: Compiler warnings, Static analyzers
* **Code Testing**: Unit test, Test-Driven Development (TDD), Code coverage, Fuzz testing
* **Compiler Warnings**
* **Static Analysis**
* **Code Testing**: Unit test, Code coverage, Fuzz testing
* **Code Quality**: `clang-tidy`
**[14. Ecosystem II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Ecosystem_II.pdf)**
@ -204,7 +206,7 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **I/O Stream**: Manipulator, `ofstream/ifstream`
* **Math Libraries**
* **Strings**: `std::string`, Conversion from/to numeric balues, `std::string_view`, `std::format`
* **Strings**: `std::string`, Conversion from/to numeric balues, `std::string_view`, `std::format`, `std::print`
* **Random Number**: Basic Concepts, C++ `<random>`, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Quasi-random
* **Time Measuring**: Wall-Clock time, User time, System time
* **Std Template Classes**: `std::byte` `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::variant`, `std::optional`, `std::any`
@ -244,24 +246,25 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
* **Overview**
* **Basic Concepts**: Asymptotic complexity, Time-Memory Trade-off, Developing Cycle, Ahmdal's law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance bounds, Arithmetic intensity
* **Basic Architecture Concepts**: Instruction-level parallelism, Little’s law, Data-level parallelism, Thread-level parallelism, RISC, CISC Instruction sets
* **Basic Architecture Concepts**: Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), Little’s law, Data-level parallelism (SIMD), Thread-level parallelism (TLP), Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT), RISC, CISC Instruction sets
* **Memory Hierarchy**: Memory hierarchy concepts, Memory locality
**[20. Optimization II - Code Optmization](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Optimization_II.pdf)**
* **I/O Operations**: `printf`, Memory mapped I/O, Speed up raw data loading
* **Memory Optimizations**: Heap memory, Stack memory, Cache utilization, data alignment, memory prefecth
* **Memory Optimizations**: Heap memory, Stack memory, Cache utilization, data alignment, Memory Prefetch
* **Arithmetic**: Data types, Operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a range, Lookup table
* **Control Flow**: Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Branch hints, Compiler hints, Recursion
* **Functions**: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function optimizations, Function inlining, Pointers aliasing
* **C++ Objects**: Object RAII optimizations
* **Std Library and Other Language Aspects**
**[21. Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Optimization_III.pdf)**
* **Compiler Optimizations**: About the compiler, Architecture flags, Optimization flags, Help the Compiler to produce better code, Profile guided optimization (PGO), Post-Processing Binary Optimizer
* **Compiler Transformation Techniques**
* **Libraries and Data Structures**: External libraries, Std library
* **Performance Benchmarking**: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead and compiler Optimizations, Metric evaluation
* **Performance Benchmarking**: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead and compiler optimizations, Metric evaluation
* **Profiling**: `gprof`, `uftrace`, `callgrind`, `cachegrind`, `perf` Linux profiler
* **Parallel Computing**: Concurrency vs. Parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson’s Law, Parallel programming languages