2021 update

LICENSE

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-BSD 3-Clause License
-
-Copyright (c) 2020, Modern C++ Programming
-All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
-
-* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
-  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-
-* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
-  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
-  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
-  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
-  this software without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
-AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
-DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
-SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
-CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
-OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,173 @@
 # Modern C++ Programming #
-## C++11/C++14/C++17 ##
+## C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / (C++20) ##
+
+## TOPICS ##
+
+**[1. Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)**
+
+* **A Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages**
+* **Areas of Application and Popularity**
+* **C++ Philosophy**
+* **Books and References**
+* **The Course**
+
+**[2. Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)**
+
+* **Preparation**: What compiler should I use?, What editor/IDE compiler should I use?, How to compile?
+* **Hello World**: I/O Stream
+* **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic Types, Other Arithmetic Types, Pointer Type
+* **Conversion Rules**
+* **Math Operators**
+* **Integral Data Types**: Fixed Width Integers, When Use Signed/Unsigned Integer?, Promotion, Truncation, Undefined Behavior
+* **Floating-point Types and Arithmetic**: Normal/Denormal Values, Summary, Not a Number (`NaN`), Infinity, Properties
+* **Floating-point Issues**: Floating-point Comparison, Catastrophic Cancellation
+
+**[3. Basic Concepts II - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)**
+
+* **Enumerators**
+* **`struct`, `union`, and Bitfield**
+* **`using`, `decltype`, and `auto`**
+* **Control Flow**: `if` Statement, `for` Loop, `switch`, `goto`
+
+**[4. Basic Concepts III - Memory Management](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
+
+* **Heap and Stack**: Stack Memory, `new`, `delete`, Memory Leak
+* **Initialization**: Uniform Initialization
+* **Pointers and References**: Pointer, Address-of operator `&`, Reference
+* **`const`, `constexpr`, `consteval`, `constinit`**
+* **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type Punning
+* `sizeof` Operator
+
+**[5. Basic Concepts IV - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
+
+* **Declaration and Definition**
+* **Functions**: Pass by-Value, Pass by-Pointer, Pass by-Reference, Overloading, Default Parameters, `inline` Declaration, Attributes
+* **Function Objects and Lambda Expressions**: Function Pointer, Function Object (or Functor), Capture List, Other Features, Capture List and Classes
+* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common Errors, Useful Macro, Stringizing Operator (`#`), `#pragma` and `#error`, Token-Pasting Operator (`##`), Variadic Macro
+
+**[6. C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
+
+* **C++ Classes**: RAII, Class Hierarchy, Inheritance Attributes
+* **Class Constructor**: Default Constructor, Delegate Constructor, `explicit` Keyword
+* **Copy Constructor**
+* **Class Destructor**
+* **Initialization and Defaulted Members**: Initialization List, Uniform Initialization, Defaulted Constructor
+* **Class Keywords**: `this`, `static`, `const`, `mutable`, `using`, `friend`, `delete`
+
+**[7. C++ Object Oriented Programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
+
+* **Polymorphism**: `virtual` Methods, Virtual Table, `override` Keyword, `final` Keyword, Common Errors, Pure Virtual Method, Abstract Class and Interface
+* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Subscript Operator, Comparison Operator, Function Call Operator, Conversion Operator, Increment and Decrement Operators, Assignment Operator, Stream Operator, Operator Notes
+* **C++ Special Objects**: Aggregate, Trivial Class, Standard-Layout Class, Plain Old Data (POD), Hierarchy
+
+**[8. C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)**
+
+* **Function Templates**: Overview, Template Parameters, Template Parameter - Default Value, Specialization, Overloading, `auto` Deduction
+* **Compile-Time Utilities**: `static_assert`, `decltype` Keyword, `using` Keyword
+* **Type Traits**: Overview, Type Traits Library, Type Manipulation, Type Relation and Transformation
+* **Template Parameters**: Overview, Special Cases
+
+**[9. C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/9.Templates_II.pdf)**
+
+* **Class Template**: Class Specialization, Class + Function - Specialization, `friend` Keyword, Dependent Names, Template Variable
+* **Template Meta-Programming**
+* **SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error**: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE, Class + Function SFINAE
+* **Variadic Template**: Folding Expression, Variadic Class Template
+
+**[10. Translation Units](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units.pdf)**
+
+* **Basic Concepts**: Translation Unit, Local and Global Scopes
+* **Linkage**: `static` and `extern` Keywords, Internal/External Linkage Example, Linkage of `const` and constexpr, Linkage of `inline` Functions/Variables
+* **Variables Storage**: Storage Class, Storage Duration
+* **Dealing with Multiple Translation Units**: One Definition Rule (ODR), Class in Multiple Translation Units, Global Constant
+* **Function Template**
+* **Class Template**
+* **Undefined Behavior and Summary**
+* **`#include` Issues**: Forward Declaration, Include Guard, Circular Dependencies, Common Linking Errors
+* **Namespace**: Namespace Functions vs. `static` Methods, Namespace Alias, Anonymous Namespace, `inline` Namespace
+* **How to Compile**: Compile Strategies, Compile with Libraries, Build Static/Dynamic Libraries, Find Dynamic Library Dependencies, Analyze Object/Executable Symbols
+
+**[11. Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Code_Convention.pdf)**
+
+* **C++ Project Organization**: Project Directories, Project Files, `src/include` directories
+* **Coding Styles and Conventions**
+* `**#include**`
+* **Macro and Preprocessing**
+* **Namespace**
+* **Variables**
+* **Functions**
+* **Structs and Classes**
+* **Modern C++ Features**
+* **Maintainability**
+* **Naming and Formatting**
+* **Code Documentation**
+
+**[12. Ecosystem](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Ecosystem.pdf)**
+
+* **Debugging**: Assertion, Execution Debugging (`gdb`)
+* **Memory Debugging**: `valgrind`
+* **Sanitizers**: Address Sanitizer, Leak Sanitizer, Memory Sanitizers, Undefined Behavior Sanitizer
+* **Debugging Summary**
+* **Code Checking and Analysis**: Compiler Warnings, Static Analyzers
+* **Code Testing**: Unit Test, Code Coverage, Fuzz Testing
+* **Code Quality**: `clang-tidy`
+* **CMake**
+* **Code Documentation**: `doxygen`
+* **Code Statistics**: Count Lines of Code, Cyclomatic Complexity Analyzer
+* **Other Tools**: Code Formatting - `clang-format`, `Compiler Explorer`, Code Transformation - `CppInsights`, Code Autocompletion - `TabNine/Kite`, Local Code Search - `ripgrep`, Code Search Engine - `searchcode/grep.app`, Code Exploration - `SourceTrail`, Code Benchmarking - `Quick-Bench`, Font for Coding
+
+**[13. Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Utilities.pdf)**
+
+* **I/O Stream**: Manipulator, `ofstream/ifstream`
+* **Math Libraries**
+* **Strings**: `std::string`, Conversion from/to Numeric Values, `std::string view`, `std::format`
+* **Algorithm Library**
+* **Random Number**: Basic Concepts, C++ `<random>`, Seed, PRNG Period and Quality, Distribution
+  Quasi-random
+* **Time Measuring**: Wall-Clock Time, User Time, System Time
+* **Std Template Classes**: `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::variant`, `std::optional`, `std::any`
+* **Filesystem Library**: Query Methods, Modify Methods
+
+**[14. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)**
+
+* **Containers and Iterators**
+* **Sequence Containers**: `std::array`, `std::vector`, `std::list`, `std::deque`, `std::forward_list`
+* **Associative Containers**: `std::set`, `std::map`
+* **Container Adaptors**: `std::stack`, `std::queue`, `std::priority_queue`
+* **Implement a Custom Iterator**: Semantic, Implement a Simple Iterator
+* **Iterator Utility Methods**: `std::advance`, `std::next`, `std::prev`, `std::distance`, Range Access Methods, Iterator Traits
+* **Algorithms Library**: `std::find_if`, `std::sort`, `std::accumulate`, `std::generate`, `std::remove_if`
+
+**[15. Advanced Topics](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Advanced_Topics.pdf)**
+
+* **Move Semantic**: `lvalues` and `rvalues` references, Move Semantic, Compiler Implicitly Declared, `std::move`
+* **Universal Reference and Perfect Forwarding**: Universal Reference, Reference Collapsing Rules, Perfect Forwarding
+* **Value Categories**
+* **Copy Elision and RVO**
+* **Type Deduction**: Pass-by-Reference, Pass-by-Pointer, Pass-by-Value
+* **`const` Correctness**
+* **C++ Idioms**: Rule of Zero/Three/Five, Singleton, PIMPL, CRTP, Template Virtual Functions
+* **Smart pointers**: `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, `std::weak_ptr`
+* **Concurrency**: Thread Methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism
+
+**[16. Optimization I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Optimization_I.pdf)**
+
+* **General Concepts**: Asymptotic Complexity, Optimization Cycle, Ahmdal Law, Performance Bounds, Arithmetic Intensity, Instruction-Level Parallelism, Little’s Law, Time-Memory Trade-off, Roofline Model
+* **I/O Operations**: `printf`, Memory Mapped I/O, Speed Up Raw Data Loading
+* **Locality and Memory Access Patterns**: Memory Hierarchy, Memory Locality, Internal Structure Alignment, External Structure Alignment
+* **Arithmetic**: Data Types, Operations, Conversion, Floating-Point, Compiler Intrinsic Functions, Value in a Range, Lookup Table
+* **Control Flow**: Loop Hoisting, Loop Unrolling, Branch Hints, Recursion
+* **Functions**: Function Call Cost, Argument Passing, Function Optimizations, Inlining Constrains, Pointers Aliasing
+* **C++ Objects**: C++ Objects Optimizations
+
+**[17. Optimization II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Optimization_II.pdf)**
+
+* **Compiler Optimizations**: About the Compiler, Architecture Flags, Optimization Flags, Help the Compiler to Produce Better Code, Profile Guided Optimization (PGO)
+* **Compiler Transformation Techniques**
+* **Libraries and Data Structures**: External Libraries, Std Library
+* **Profiling**: `gprof`, `uftrace`, `callgrind`, `cachegrind`, `perf` Linux profiler
+* **Performance Benchmarking**: What to Test?, Workload/Dataset Quality, Cache Behavior, Stable CPU Performance, Program Memory Layout
+* **Parallel Computing**: Concurrency vs. Parallelism, Performance Scaling, Gustafson’s Law, Parallel Programming Languages
 
 ### Essential Tool ###
 
@@ -7,162 +175,6 @@ Online compiler and execution: [CompilerExplorer](https://godbolt.org/)
 
 * for code execution: [Add new..] -> [execution only]
 
-## TOPICS ##
-
-**[1. Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)**
-
-* A Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages
-* Areas of Application and Popularity
-* C++ Philosophy
-* Books and References
-* The Course
-
-**[2. Basic Concepts I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)**
-
-* Prerequirements: Compiler, editor, etc.
-* Hello World
-* C++ Primitive Types
-* Integral Data Types
-* Floating-point Arithmetic
-* Floating-point Issues
-
-**[3. Basic Concepts II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)**
-
-* Enumerators
-* `union` and Bitfield
-* `using`, `decltype`, and `auto`
-* Math Operators
-* Statements and Control Flow
-
-**[4. Basic Concepts III](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
-
-* Memory Management: Heap and Stack
-* Initialization
-* Pointers and References
-* `sizeof` Operator
-* `const` and `constexpr`
-* Explicit Type Conversion
-
-**[5. Basic Concepts IV](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
-
-* Declaration and Definition
-* Functions
-* Preprocessing
-
-**[6. C++ Object Oriented Programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
-
-* C++ Classes
-* Class Constructor
-* Copy Construcor
-* Class Destructor
-* Initialization and Defaulted Members
-* Class Keywords
-
-**[7. C++ Object Oriented Programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
-
-* Polymorphism
-* Operator overloading
-* Special Objects
-
-**[8. C++ Templates and Meta-programming I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Templates_I.pdf)**
-
-* Function Templates
-* Compile-Time Utilities
-* Type Traits
-* Template Parameters
-
-**[9. C++ Templates and Meta-programming II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/9.Templates_II.pdf)**
-
-* Class Templates
-* Template Meta-Programming
-* SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error
-* Variadic Template
-
-**[10. Translation Units](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Translation_Units.pdf)**
-
-* Basic Concepts
-* Linkage
-* Variables Storage
-* Function Template
-* Class Template
-* Undefined Behavior and Summary
-* `#include` Issues
-* Namespace
-* How to Compile: static and dynamic libraries
-
-**[11. Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Code_Convention.pdf)**
-
-* C++ Project Organization
-* Coding Styles and Conventions
-* `#include` and `namespace`
-* Variables and Prepossessing
-* Functions and Classes
-* Modern C++ Features
-* Control Flow
-* Naming and Formatting
-
-**[12. Ecosystem](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Ecosystem.pdf)**
-
-* Execution Debugging: `gdb` and `assert`
-* Memory Debugging: `valgrind`
-* Sanitizers: `address`, `leak`, `memory`, `undefined behavior`
-* Debugging Summary
-* CMake
-* Code Checking and Analysis: `warnings` and `static analyzers`
-* Code Quality: `linters`
-* Code Testing: `unit test`, `coverage`
-* Code Commenting: `doxygen`
-* Code Statistics: `lines count`, `cyclomatic complexity`
-* Other Tools: code `formatting`, `exploring`, `benchmarking`
-
-**[13. Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Utilities.pdf)**
-
-* I/O Stream
-* STD Template Utility
-* Filesystem Library
-* Math Functions
-* Algorithm Library
-* `std::string` and `std::string_view`
-* Random Numbers
-* Time Measuring
-
-**[14. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)**
-
-* Containers and Iterators
-* Sequence Containers: `array`, `vector`, `list`, `deque`, `forward_list`
-* Associative Containers: `set`, `map`
-* Container Adaptors: `stack`, `queue`, `priority_queue`
-* Implement a Custom Iterator
-* Iterator Utility Methods
-* Algorithms Library
-* Lambda Expressions
-
-**[15. Advanced Topics](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Advanced_Topics.pdf)**
-
-* Move Semantic
-* Copy Elision and RVO
-* Type deduction
-* C++ Idioms: `rule of zero/three/five`, `singleton`, `PILP`, `CRTP`
-* Smart Pointers
-* Concurrency: `std::thread`
-
-**[16. Optimization I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Optimization_I.pdf)**
-
-* General Concepts: asymptotic complexity, optimization cycle, Ahmdal Law, etc.
-* I/O Operations
-* Locality and Memory Access Patterns
-* Arithmetic
-* Control Flow
-* Functions
-* C++ Objects
-
-**[17. Optimization II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Optimization_II.pdf)**
-
-* Compiler Optimizations
-* Libraries and Data Structures
-* Profiling
-* Parallel Computing
-
 ### Reporting bugs and contributing ###
 
 If you find any typos, conceptual errors, or sections to improve, please report them by writing directly to me or by using the `issue` panel
@@ -172,35 +184,3 @@ If you find any typos, conceptual errors, or sections to improve, please report
 * `Federico Busato`,<br/>
 Nvidia Corporation ([fbusato@nvidia.com](mailto:fbusato@nvidia.com))<br/>
 Dept. of Computer Science, University of Verona (Italy) [federico.busato@univr.it](mailto:federico.busato@univr.it)
-
-## License ##
-
-> BSD 3-Clause License
->
-> Copyright (c) 2020, Modern C++ Programming
-> All rights reserved.
->
-> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-> modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
->
-> * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
->   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
->
-> * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
->   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
->   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
->
-> * Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
->   contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
->   this software without specific prior written permission.
->
-> THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
-> AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-> IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
-> DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-> FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-> DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
-> SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
-> CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
-> OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-> OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.