Release v1.7.0

README.md

@@ -28,107 +28,117 @@
     </a>
 </p>
 
-## C++11  /  C++14  /  C++17  / C++20 / (C++23)
+## C++03 / C++11  /  C++14  /  C++17  / C++20 / C++23 / C++26
 
 This *open-access* course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming towards a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts.
 
 **Key features**:
 
 - *Free and frequently updated*
-- *22 lectures, ~1500 slides*
+- *25 lectures, 1600+ slides*
 - Include the *last language standard* concepts and features
 - *Practical teaching*: non-verbose, short structured descriptions associated with code
 - *Minimal code examples* for showing just a specific feature or issue without digressing
 - *Complementary language aspects*: tools, coding conventions, project organization, and code optimization
 - *Experience-based*: many aspects, examples, and problems come from real-world cases faced during my work as software engineer
 
-If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
+*If you enjoy the course or you find it useful*, please add a **Star**
 
  [![stars - Modern-CPP-Programming](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=social)](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming)
 
 ## CHAPTERS
 
 | #      | TITLE                                                                                                                         | MAIN FOCUS                                                                                        |
-| ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| **1**  | [**Introduction**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/01.Introduction.html))                                                                       | History of C/C++, Areas of Applications, Course introduction                              |
+| **1**  | [**Introduction**](01.Introduction.pdf) ([html](htmls/01.Introduction.html))                                                  | History of C/C++, Areas of applications, Course introduction                                      |
-| **2**  | [**Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/02.Basic_Concepts_I.html))                                       | Types overview, operators, and conversion                                                 |
+| **2**  | [**Preparation**](02.Preparation.pdf) ([html](htmls/02.Preparation.html))                                                     | Books, How to compile, Hello world                                                                |
-| **3**  | [**Basic Concepts II - Integral and Floating-point Types**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/03.Basic_Concepts_II.html))                    | Integral and floating-point types and their arithmetic                                    |
+| **3**  | [**Basic Concepts I**](03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf) ([html](htmls/03.Basic_Concepts_I.html))                                      | Type System, Fundamental types, and Operators                                                     |
-| **4**  | [**Basic Concepts III - Entities and Control Flow**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/04.Basic_Concepts_III.html))                         | Enumerators, structures, control flow statements                                          |
+| **4**  | [**Basic Concepts II**](04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf) ([html](htmls/04.Basic_Concepts_II.html))                                   | Integral and Floating-point types and their arithmetic                                            |
-| **5**  | [**Basic Concepts IV - Memory Management**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.html))                                    | Heap, Stack, pointers, references, const properties, conversion operators                 |
+| **5**  | [**Basic Concepts III**](05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf) ([html](htmls/05.Basic_Concepts_III.html))                                | Entities, Enumerators, Structures, Control flow statements                                        |
-| **6**  | [**Basic Concepts V - Functions and Preprocessing**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/06.Basic_Concepts_V.html))                             | Functions, lambda expressions, preprocessing directives                                   |
+| **6**  | [**Basic Concepts IV**](06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf) ([html](htmls/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.html))                                   | Heap, Stack, Pointers, References, Const properties, Conversion operators                         |
-| **7**  | [**Object Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_I.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/07.Object_Oriented_I.html))                           | Class hierarchy, constructor, destructor, class keywords                                  |
+| **7**  | [**Basic Concepts V**](07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf) ([html](htmls/07.Basic_Concepts_V.html))                                      | Functions, Lambda expressions, Preprocessing directives                                           |
-| **8**  | [**Object Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Object_Oriented_II.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/08.Object_Oriented_II.html)) | Polymorphism, operators overloading                                                       |
+| **8**  | [**Object-Oriented Programming I**](08.Object_Oriented_I.pdf) ([html](htmls/08.Object_Oriented_I.html))                       | Class hierarchy, Constructor, Destructor, Class keywords                                          |
-| **9**  | [**Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_I.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/09.Templates_I.html))     | Function template, type traits                                                            |
+| **9**  | [**Object Oriented Programming II**](09.Object_Oriented_II.pdf) ([html](htmls/09.Object_Oriented_II.html))                    | Polymorphism, Operators overloading                                                               |
-| **10** | [**Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Templates_II.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/10.Templates_II.html))                     | Class template, SFINAE                                                                    |
+| **10** | [**Templates and Meta-programming I**](10.Templates_I.pdf) ([html](htmls/10.Templates_I.html))                                | Function template, Type traits, Compile-time utilities                                            |
-| **11** | [**Translation Units I**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Translation_Units_I.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/1.Translation_Units_I.html))                                                   | Linkage and One Definition Rule                                                           |
+| **11** | [**Templates and Meta-programming II**](11.Templates_II.pdf) ([html](htmls/11.Templates_II.html))                             | Class template, SFINAE                                                                            |
-| **12** | [**Translation Units II**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Translation_Units_II.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/12.Translation_Units_II.html))                                               | Dealing with multiple translation units and files,  `#include`, and modules               |
+| **12** | [**Translation Units I**](12.Translation_Units_I.pdf) ([html](htmls/12.Translation_Units_I.html))                             | Linkage and One Definition Rule                                                                   |
-| **13** | [**Code Conventions**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Code_Convention.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/13.Code_Convention.html))                                                             | Project organization and main code conventions                                            |
+| **13** | [**Translation Units II**](13.Translation_Units_II.pdf) ([html](htmls/13.Translation_Units_II.html))                          | Dealing with multiple translation units and files,`#include`, Modules                             |
-| **14** | [**Ecosystem I**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Ecosystem_I.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/14.Ecosystem_I.html))                                                                          | Debugging, and testing                                                                    |
+| **14** | [**Code Conventions**](14.Code_Convention.pdf) ([html](htmls/14.Code_Convention.html))                                        | Project organization, Main code conventions                                                       |
-| **15** | [**Ecosystem II**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Ecosystem_II.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/15.Ecosystem_II.html))                                                                       | Cmake, documenting, and other Tools                                                       |
+| **15** | [**Debugging and Testing**](15.Debugging.pdf) ([html](htmls/15.Debugging.html))                                               | Execution/memory debugging, Sanitizers, Harding techniques, Unit test, Test-Driven Development    |
-| **16** | [**Utilities**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Utilities.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/16.Utilities.html))                                                                                | Main `std` libraries                                                                      |
+| **16** | [**Ecosystem**](16.Ecosystem.pdf) ([html](htmls/16.Ecosystem.html))                                                           | Cmake, Documenting, and Other Tools                                                               |
-| **17** | [**Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/17.Iterators_Containers_Alg.html))                      | Containers, iterators, algorithms, ranges                                                 |
+| **17** | [**Utilities**](17.Utilities.pdf) ([html](htmls/17.Utilities.html))                                                           | Main `std` libraries                                                                              |
-| **18** | [**Advanced Topics I**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/18.Advanced_Topics_I.html))                                                        | Move semantics, universal reference, type deduction                                       |
+| **18** | [**Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms**](18.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf) ([html](htmls/18.Iterators_Containers_Alg.html)) | Containers, Iterators, Algorithms, Ranges                                                         |
-| **19** | [**Advanced Topics II**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/19.Advanced_Topics_II.html))                                                     | Error handling, C++ idioms, smart pointers                                                |
+| **19** | [**Advanced Topics I**](19.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf) ([html](htmls/19.Advanced_Topics_I.html))                                   | Move semantics, Universal reference, Type deduction                                               |
-| **20** | [**Optimization I - Basic Concepts**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Optimization_I.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/20.Optimization_I.html))                                                | Ahmdal Law, performance bounds, architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), memory hierarchy |
+| **20** | [**Advanced Topics II**](20.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf) ([html](htmls/20.Advanced_Topics_II.html))                                | Error handling, C++ idioms, Smart pointers                                                        |
-| **21** | [**Optimization II - Code Optimization**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Optimization_II.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/21.Optimization_II.html))                                          | Arithmetic optimizations, memory optimizations, etc.                                      |
+| **21** | [**Performance Optimizations I**](21.Optimization_I.pdf) ([html](htmls/21.Optimization_I.html))                               | Ahmdal Law, Performance bounds, Architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), Memory hierarchy         |
-| **22** | [**Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/22.Optimization_III.pdf) ([html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/22.Optimization_III.html))               | Compiler optimizations, profiling and benchmarking tools                                  |
+| **22** | [**Performance Optimizations II**](22.Optimization_II.pdf) ([html](htmls/22.Optimization_II.html))                            | Arithmetic optimizations, Memory optimizations, etc.                                              |
+| **23** | [**Performance Optimizations III**](23.Optimization_III.pdf) ([html](htmls/23.Optimization_III.html))                         | Compiler optimizations, Profiling, Benchmarking tools                                             |
+| **24** | [**Software Design I**](24.Software_Deisgn_I.pdf) ([html](htmls/24.Software_Deisgn_I.html))                                   | Basic Concepts, Principles, Use cases                                                             |
+| **25** | [**Software Design II**](25.Software_Deisgn_II.pdf) ([html](htmls/25.Software_Deisgn_II.html))                                | Design Patterns and Idioms                                                                        |
 
-***ALL-IN-ONE BOOK***: [**modern-cpp.pdf**](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/modern-cpp.pdf) (could be a few commits behind), [html](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/htmls/modern-cpp.html)
+***ALL-IN-ONE BOOK***: [**modern-cpp.pdf**](modern-cpp.pdf) (could be a few commits behind), [html](htmls/modern-cpp.html)
 
 ## TOPICS IN DETAILS
 
-**[1. Introduction](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf)**
+**[1. Introduction](01.Introduction.pdf)**
 
 * **A Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages**
 * **Areas of Application and Popularity**
 * **C++ Philosophy**
-* **C++ Weakness**
+* **C++ Weakness**: C++ alternatives, Why switching to a new language is hard?
-* **Books and References**
 * **The Course**
 
-**[2. Basic Concepts I - Fundamental Types and Operations](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)**
+**[2. Preparation](02.Preparation.pdf)**
 
-* **Preparation**: What compiler should I use?, What editor/IDE compiler should I use?, How to compile?
+- **Books and References**
-* **Hello World**: I/O Stream
+- **Slide Legend**
-* **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, Pointer type and `nullptr`
+- **What Editor/ IDE/Compiler Should I Use?**
+- **How to compile?**
+- **Hello World**: I/O Stream
+
+**[3. Basic Concepts I - Type System, Fundamental Types, and Operators](03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf)**
+
+* **The C++ Type System**: Type categories, Type properties
+* **C++ Fundamental Types Overview**: Arithmetic types, Suffix and prefix, Non-standard arithmetic types, `void` type, `nullptr`
 * **Conversion Rules**
 * **`auto` declaration**
-* **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement, Assignment, Compound , and Comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>` , Safe Comparison Operators
+* **C++ Operators**: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement, Assignment, compound, and comma operators, Spaceship operator `<=>` , Safe comparison operators
 
-**[3. Basic Concepts II - Integral and Floating-point Types](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)**
+**[4. Basic Concepts II - Integral and Floating-point Types](04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf)**
 
 * **Integral Data Types**: Fixed width integers, `size_t` and `ptrdiff_t`, Signed/Unsigned integer characteristics, Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior
-* **Floating-point Types and Arithmetic**: IEEE Floating-point Standard and Other Representations, Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (`NaN`), Machine Epsilon, Units at the Last Place (ULP), Cheatsheet, Summary, Arithmetic Properties, Detect Floating-point Errors
+* **Floating-point Types and Arithmetic**: IEEE Floating-point standard and other representations, Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (`NaN`), Machine Epsilon, Units at the Last Place (ULP), Cheatsheet, Limits and useful functions, Arithmetic properties, Special values behavior, Undefined behavior, Detect floating-point errors
 * **Floating-point Issues**: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison
 
-**[4. Basic Concepts III - Entities and Control Flow](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
+**[5. Basic Concepts III - Entities and Control Flow](05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf)**
 
 * **Entities**
 * **Declaration and Definition**
 * **Enumerators**
 * **`struct`, Bitfield, `union`**
-* **Control Flow**: `if` Statement, `for` Loop, Range-base `for` loop, `switch`, `goto`, Avoid unused variable warning `[[maybe unused]]`
+* **`[[deprecated]]` Attribute**
+* **Control Flow**: `if` statement, `for` loop, Range-base `for` loop, `switch`, `goto`, Avoid unused variable warning
 
-**[5. Basic Concepts IV - Memory Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
+**[6. Basic Concepts IV - Memory Concepts](06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf)**
 
-* **Heap and Stack**: Stack Memory, `new`, `delete`, Non-allocating placement allocation, Non-throwing allocation, Memory leak
+* **Heap and Stack**: Stack memory, `new`, `delete`, Non-allocating placement allocation, Non-throwing allocation, Memory leak
 * **Initialization**: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Fixed-size array initialization, Structure initialization, Dynamic memory initialization
-* **Pointers and References**: Pointer Operations, Address-of operator `&`, Reference
+* **Pointers and References**: Pointer operations, Address-of operator `&`, Reference
 * **Constant and Literals, `const`, `constexpr`, `consteval`, `constinit`**, `if constexpr`, `std::is constant evaluated()`, `if consteval`
 * **`volatile` keyword**
 * **Explicit Type Conversion**: `static_cast`, `const_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, Type punning
-* `sizeof` Operator
+* **`sizeof` Operator**: overview, `[[no_unique_address]]`
 
-**[6. Basic Concepts V - Functions and Preprocessing](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf)**
+**[7. Basic Concepts V - Functions and Preprocessing](07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf)**
 
-* **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and Overloading, Overloading and `=delete`, Default parameters, Attributes `[[attributes]]`
+* **Functions**: Pass by-value, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-reference, Function signature and overloading, Overloading and `=delete`, Default parameters, Attributes `[[attributes]]`
 * **Function Pointer and Function Objects**
 * **Lambda Expressions**: Capture list, Parameters, Composability, `constexpr/consteval`, `template`, `mutable`, `[[nodiscard]]`, Capture list and classes
-* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Source location macros, Conditional compiling macros, Stringizing operator (`#`),  `#error` and `warning`, `#pragma`, Token-Pasting Operator (`##`), Variadic Macro
+* **Preprocessing**: Preprocessors, Common errors, Source location macros, Conditional compiling macros, Stringizing operator (`#`),  `#error` and `warning`, `#pragma`, Token-pasting operator (`##`), Variadic macro
 
-**[7. Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
+**[8. Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts](08.Object_Oriented_I.pdf)**
 
-* **C++ Classes**: RAII Idiom
+* **C++ Classes**: RAII idiom
 * **Class Hierarchy**
 * **Access specifiers**: Inheritance access specifiers, When use `public/protected/private` for data members?
 * **Class Constructor**: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization for objects, Delegate constructor, `explicit` keyword, `[[nodiscard]]` and classes
@@ -137,35 +147,36 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
 * **Defaulted  Constructors, Destructor, and Operators** (`= default`)
 * **Class Keywords**: `this`, `static`, `const`, `mutable`, `using`, `friend`, `delete`
 
-**[8. Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
+**[9. Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading](09.Object_Oriented_II.pdf)**
 
 * **Polymorphism**: `virtual` methods, Virtual table, `override` keyword, `final` keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface
 * **Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification**
-* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>`, Subscript operator `[]`, Multidimensional Subscript operator `[]`, Function call operator `()`, static operator `[]` and operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator Notes
+* **Operator Overloading**: Overview, Comparison operator `<`, Spaceship operator `<=>`, Subscript operator `[]`, Multidimensional subscript operator `[]`, Function call operator `()`, static operator `[]` and operator `()`, Conversion operator `T()`, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators `++`/`--`, Assignment operator `=`, Stream operator `<<`, Operator notes
-* **C++ Special Objects**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy
+* **C++ Object Layout**: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy
 
-**[9. Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Templates_I.pdf)**
+**[10. Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities](10.Templates_I.pdf)**
 
-* **Function Template**: Overview, Template parameters, Template parameter - default value, Overloading, Specialization
+* **Function Template**: Overview, Template parameters,Template instantiation, Template parameter - default value, Overloading, Specialization
 * **Template Variable**
 * **Template Parameter Types**: Generic Type Notes, `auto` Placeholder, Class template parameter type, Array and pointer types, Function type
-* **Compile-Time Utilities**: `static_assert`, `decltype` Keyword, `using` Keyword
+* **Compile-Time Utilities**: `static_assert`, `decltype` keyword, `using` keyword
 * **Type Traits**: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation
 
-**[10. Templates and Meta-programming II -  Class Templates and SFINAE](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Templates_II.pdf)**
+**[11. Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE](11.Templates_II.pdf)**
 
-* **Class Template**: Class specialization, Class template constructor, Constructor template automatic deduction (CTAD)
+* **Class Template**: Class specialization, Class template constructor
-* **Class Template - Advanced Concepts**: Class + Function - Specialization, Dependent Names - `typename` and `template` Keywords, Class template hierarchy and `using`, `friend` Keyword, Template Template Arguments
+* **Constructor template automatic deduction (CTAD)**
+* **Class Template - Advanced Concepts**: Class + Function - specialization, Dependent names - `typename` and `template` keywords, Class template hierarchy and `using`, `friend` keyword, Template template arguments
 * **Template Meta-Programming**
-* **SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error**: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE, Class + Function SFINAE
+* **SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error**: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE
-* **Variadic Template**: Folding Expression, Variadic class template
+* **Variadic Template**: Folding expression, Variadic class template
-* **C++20 Concepts**: Overview, `concept` Keyword, `requires` Clause, `requires` Expression, `requires` Expression + Clause, `requires` Clause + Expression, `requires` and `constexpr`, Nested `requires`
+* **C++20 Concepts**: Overview, `concept` keyword, `requires` clause, `requires` expression, `requires` expression + clause, `requires` clause + expression, `requires` and `constexpr`, Nested `requires`
 
-**[11. Translation Units I - Linkage and One Definition Rule](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Translation_Units_I.pdf)**
+**[12. Translation Units I - Linkage and One Definition Rule](12.Translation_Units_I.pdf)**
 
 * **Basic Concepts**: Translation unit, Local and global scope, Linkage
 * **Storage Class and Duration**: Storage duration, Storage class, `static` and `extern` keywords, Internal/External linkage examples
-* **Linkage of `const` and `constexpr`**: Static Initialization Order Fiasco
+* **Linkage of `const` and `constexpr`**: Static initialization order fiasco
 * **Linkage Summary**
 * **Dealing with Multiple Translation Units**: Class in multiple translation units
 * **One Definition Rule (ODR)**: Global variable issues, ODR - Point 3, `inline` functions/variables, `constexpr` and `inline`
@@ -173,16 +184,16 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
 * **ODR - Class Template**: Cases, `extern` keyword
 * **ODR Undefined Behavior and Summary**
 
-**[12. Translation Units II - Include, Module, and Namespace](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Translation_Units_II.pdf)**
+**[13. Translation Units II - Include, Module, and Namespace](13.Translation_Units_II.pdf)**
 
-- **`#include` Issues**: Forward declaration, Include guard, Circular dependencies, Common linking errors
+- **`#include` Issues**: Include guard, Forward declaration, Circular dependencies, Common linking errors
-- **C++20 Modules**: Overview, Terminology, Visibility and Reachability, Module unit types, Keywords, Global module fragment, Private module fragment, Header module unit, Module partitions
+- **C++20 Modules**: Overview, Terminology, Visibility and reachability, Module unit types, Keywords, Global module fragment, Private module fragment, Header module unit, Module partitions
 - **Namespace**: Namespace functions vs. `static` methods, Namespace alias, Anonymous namespace, `inline` namespace, Attributes and namespace
 - **Compiling Multiple Translation Units**: Fundamental compiler flags, Compile Methods, Deal with libraries, Build static/dynamic libraries, Find dynamic library dependencies, Analyze object/executable symbols
 
-**[13. Code Conventions](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Code_Convention.pdf)**
+**[14. Code Conventions](14.Code_Convention.pdf)**
 
-* **C++ Project Organization**: Project directories, Project files, “Common” Project Organization Notes, Alternative - “Canonical” project organization
+* **C++ Project Organization**: Project directories, Project files, "Common" project organization notes, Alternative - “Canonical” project organization
 * **Coding Styles and Conventions**
 * **`#include`**
 * **Macro and Preprocessing**
@@ -197,12 +208,13 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
 * **Readability and Formatting**
 * **Code Documentation**
 
-**[14. Ecosystem I - Debugging](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Ecosystem_I.pdf)**
+**[15. Debugging and Testing](15.Debugging.pdf)**
 
 * **Debugging**
 * **Assertion**
-* **Execution debugging**: Breakpoints, Watchpoints / Catchpoints, Control Flow, Stack and Info, Print, Disassemble
+* **Execution debugging**: Breakpoints, Watchpoints / Catchpoints, Control flow, Stack and Info, Print, Disassemble
-* **Memory Debugging**: `valgrind`, Stack protection
+* **Memory Debugging**: `valgrind`
+* **Hardening Techniques**: Stack usage, Standard library checks, Undefined behavior protections, Control flow protections
 * **Sanitizers**: Address sanitizer, Leak sanitizer, Memory sanitizers, Undefined behavior sanitizer
 * **Debugging Summary**
 * **Compiler Warnings**
@@ -210,24 +222,25 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
 * **Code Testing**: Unit test, Test-Driven Development (TDD), Code coverage, Fuzz testing
 * **Code Quality**: `clang-tidy`
 
-**[15. Ecosystem II - Cmake and Other Tools](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Ecosystem_II.pdf)**
+**[16. Ecosystem - Cmake and Other Tools](16.Ecosystem.pdf)**
 
 - **CMake**: `cmake` and `ctest`
 - **Code Documentation**: `doxygen`
 - **Code Statistics**: Count lines of code, Cyclomatic complexity analyzer
-- **Other Tools**: Code formatting - `clang-format`, `Compiler Explorer`, Code transformation - `CppInsights`, Code autocompletion - `GitHub Co-Pilot/TabNine/Kite`, Local code search - `ripgrep`, Code search engine - `searchcode/grep.app`, Code benchmarking - `Quick-Bench`, Font for Coding
+- **Other Tools**: Code formatting - `clang-format`, `Compiler Explorer`, Code transformation - `CppInsights`, Code autocompletion - `GitHub Co-Pilot/TabNine/Kite`, Local code search - `ugrep`, `ripgrep`, `hypergrep`, Code search engine - `searchcode/grep.app`, Code benchmarking - `Quick-Bench`, Font for coding
 
-**[16. Utilities](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Utilities.pdf)**
+**[17. Utilities](17.Utilities.pdf)**
 
 * **I/O Stream**: Manipulator, `ofstream/ifstream`
 * **Strings**: `std::string`, Conversion from/to numeric  values, `std::string_view`, `std::format`, `std::print`
+* **View**: `std::span`
 * **Math Libraries**
-* **Random Number**: Basic Concepts, C++ `<random>`, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Quasi-random
+* **Random Number**: Basic concepts, C++ `<random>`, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Quasi-random
 * **Time Measuring**: Wall-Clock time, User time, System time
 * **Std Class Templates**: `std::pair`, `std::tuple`, `std::variant`, `std::optional`, `std::any`, `std::stacktrace`
 * **Filesystem Library**: Query methods, Modify methods
 
-**[17. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)**
+**[18. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms](18.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf)**
 
 * **Containers and Iterators**
 * **Sequence Containers**: `std::array`, `std::vector`, `std::list`, `std::deque`, `std::forward_list`
@@ -235,65 +248,87 @@ If you enjoy the course or you find it useful, please add a **Star**
 * **Container Adaptors**: `std::stack`, `std::queue`, `std::priority_queue`
 * **View**: `std::span`
 * **Implement a Custom Iterator**: Semantic, Implement a simple Iterator
+* **Iterator Notes**:
 * **Iterator Utility Methods**: `std::advance`, `std::next`, `std::prev`, `std::distance`, Container access methods, Iterator traits
 * **Algorithms Library**: `std::find_if`, `std::sort`, `std::accumulate`, `std::generate`, `std::remove_if`
 * **C++20 Ranges**: Key concepts, Range view,  Range adaptor, Range factory, Range algorithms, Range actions
 
-**[18. Advanced Topics I](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf)**
+**[19. Advanced Topics I](19.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf)**
 
-* **Move Semantic**: `lvalues` and `rvalues` references, Move semantic, `std::move`, Class Declaration Semantic
+* **Move Semantic**: `lvalues` and `rvalues` references, Move semantic, `std::move`, Class declaration semantic
 * **Universal Reference and Perfect Forwarding**: Universal reference, Reference collapsing rules, Perfect forwarding
 * **Value Categories**
 * **`&`, `&&` Ref-qualifiers and `volatile` Overloading**
 * **Copy Elision and RVO**
-* **Type Deduction**: Pass by-reference, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-value, `auto` deduction
+* **Type Deduction**: Pass by-reference, Pass by-pointer, Pass by-value, `auto` deduction, **auto(x)**: Decay-copy
 * **`const` Correctness**
 
-**[19. Advanced Topics II](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf)**
+**[20. Advanced Topics II](20.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf)**
 
-- **Undefined Behavior:** Common cases, Detecting undefined behavior
+- **Undefined Behavior:** Illegal behavior, Platform specific behavior, unspecified behavior, Detecting undefined behavior
-- **Error Handling**: C++ Exceptions, Defining custom exceptions, `noexcept` keyword, Memory allocation issues, Alternative error handling approaches
+- **Error Handling**: Recoverable error handing, Return code, C++ Exceptions, Defining custom exceptions, `noexcept` keyword, Memory allocation issues, Return code and exception summary, `std::expected`, Alternative error handling approaches
-- **C++ Idioms**: Rule of zero/three/five, Singleton, PIMPL, CRTP, Template Virtual Functions
 - **Smart pointers**: `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, `std::weak_ptr`
-- **Concurrency**: Thread Methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism
+- **Concurrency**: Thread methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism
 
-**[20. Optimization I - Basic Concepts](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Optimization_I.pdf)**
+**[21. Optimization I - Basic Concepts](21.Optimization_I.pdf)**
 
-* **Introduction**: Moore’s Law, Moore’s Law limitations, Reasons for Optimizing
+* **Introduction**: Moore's Law, Moore's Law limitations, Reasons for optimizing
-* **Basic Concepts**: Asymptotic complexity, Time-Memory Trade-off, Developing Cycle, Ahmdal's law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance bounds, Arithmetic intensity
+* **Basic Concepts**: Asymptotic complexity, Time-Memory trade-off, Developing cycle, Ahmdal's law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance bounds, Arithmetic intensity
-* **Basic Architecture Concepts**: Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), Little’s law, Data-level parallelism (SIMD), Thread-level parallelism (TLP), Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT), RISC, CISC Instruction sets
+* **Basic Architecture Concepts**: Instruction throughput, In-Order, and Out-of-Order Execution, Instruction pipelining, Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), Little’s law, Data-level parallelism (DLP) and SIMD, Thread-level parallelism (TLP), Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT), RISC, CISC instruction sets
-* **Memory Hierarchy**: Memory hierarchy concepts, Memory locality
+* **Memory Hierarchy**: Memory hierarchy concepts, Memory locality, Core-to-core latency and thread affinity, Memory ordering model
 
-**[21. Optimization II - Code Optimization](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Optimization_II.pdf)**
+**[22. Optimization II - Code Optimization](22.Optimization_II.pdf)**
 
 * **I/O Operations**: `printf`, Memory mapped I/O, Speed up raw data loading
-* **Memory Optimizations**: Heap memory, Stack memory, Cache utilization, data alignment, Memory Prefetch
+* **Memory Optimizations**: Heap memory, Stack memory, Cache utilization, Data alignment, Memory Prefetch
-* **Arithmetic**: Data types, Operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a range, Lookup table
+* **Arithmetic Types**: Data types, Arithmetic operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a range, Lookup table
-* **Control Flow**: Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Branch hints `[[likely/unlikely]]`, Compiler hints `[[assume]]`, Recursion
+* **Control Flow**: Branch Hints - `[[likely]]` / `[[unlikely]]`, Signed/Unsigned integers, Loops, Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Assertions, Compiler hints `[[assume]]`, Recursion
-* **Functions**: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function optimizations, Function inlining, Pointers aliasing
+* **Functions**: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function inlining, Function attributes, Pointers aliasing
 * **Object-Oriented Programming**
 * **Std Library and Other Language Aspects**
 
-**[22. Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking](https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/22.Optimization_III.pdf)**
+**[23. Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking](23.Optimization_III.pdf)**
 
-* **Compiler Optimizations**: About the compiler, Compiler optimization flags, Linker optimization flags, Architecture flags, Help the Compiler to produce better code, Profile guided optimization (PGO), Post-Processing Binary Optimizer
+* **Compiler Optimizations**: About the compiler, Compiler optimization flags, Floating-point optimization flags, Linker optimization flags, Architecture flags, Help the compiler to produce better code, Profile guided optimization (PGO), Post-processing binary optimizer
-* **Compiler Transformation Techniques**: Basic Transformations, Loop unswitching, Loop fusion, Loop fission, Loop interchange, Loop tiling
+* **Compiler Transformation Techniques**: Basic transformations, Loop unswitching, Loop fusion, Loop fission, Loop interchange, Loop tiling
 * **Libraries and Data Structures**: External libraries
-* **Performance Benchmarking**: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Program, Multi-threads considerations, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead, Compiler optimizations, Metric evaluation
+* **Performance Benchmarking**: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Multi-threads considerations, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead, Compiler optimizations, Metric evaluation
 * **Profiling**: `gprof`, `uftrace`, `callgrind`, `cachegrind`, `perf` Linux profiler
-* **Parallel Computing**: Concurrency vs. Parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson’s Law, Parallel programming languages
+* **Parallel Computing**: Concurrency vs. parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson’s Law, Parallel programming languages
+
+**[24. Software Design I - Basic Concepts (DRAFT)](24.Software_Design_I.pdf)**
+
+- **Books and References**
+
+- **Basic Concepts**: Abstraction, interface, and module, Class Invariant
+
+- **Software Design Principles**: Separation of concern, Low coupling, high cohesion, Encapsulation and information hiding, Design by contract, Problem decomposition, Code reuse
+
+- **Software Complexity**: Software entropy, Technical debt
+
+- **The SOLID Design Principles**
+
+- **Member Functions vs. Free Functions**
+
+- **BLAS GEMM Case Study**
+
+- **Owning Objects and Views**
+
+- **Value vs. Reference Semantic**
+
+- **Global Variables**
+
+**[25. Software Design II - Design Patterns and Idioms (DRAFT)](25.Software_Design_II.pdf)**
+
+- **C++ Idioms**: Rule of Zero, Rule of Three, Rule of Five
+
+- **Design Pattern**: Singleton, PIMPL, Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP), Template virtual functions
 
 ### Roadmap
 
-1. Software Design Chapter
+1. Improve Software Design Chapters
 2. Build Aspects Chapter (e.g. reducing build time)
 
-### Essential Tool
-
-Online compiler and execution: [CompilerExplorer](https://godbolt.org/)
-
-* for code execution: [Add new..] -> [execution only]
-
 ### Reporting bugs 🐛 and contributing
 
 If you find any typo, conceptual error, or section to improve, please report them by using the `issue` panel.
@@ -302,5 +337,5 @@ If you find any typo, conceptual error, or section to improve, please report the
 
 `Federico Busato`, https://federico-busato.github.io/
 
-- Twitter: [twitter.com/fedebusato](https://twitter.com/fedebusato)
 - LinkedIn: [www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/](https://www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/)
+- Twitter: [twitter.com/fedebusato](https://twitter.com/fedebusato)